Psychobiology

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LANGUAGE

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A communication system which uses symbols and has complex rules on how they can be put together

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COMMUNICATION

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Behaviours used by one member of a species which convey information to another

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GRAMMAR

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Rules for how you put the units together

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INFLECTIONS

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The change of form that words undergo to mark such distinctions as those of case, gender, number, tense, person, mood or voice

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SYNTAX

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The way in which linguistic elements are put together to form constituents

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SEMANTICITY

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Using a symbol to stand for something else

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ARBITRARINESS

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The symbol doesn't necessarily resemble the thing it refers to

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DISPLACEMENT

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Can refer to things which are not in the present environment

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DUALITY

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A symbol can mean different things in different contexts

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BROCA'S APHASIA

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Occur as a result of lesions to Broca's area in the left frontal lobe. Patients with Broca's aphasia search for words and speak slowly but their understanding of language is generally well preserved

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WERNICKE'S APHASIA

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Occur as a result of lesions to Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe of the left hemisphere. Patients have a reduced understanding of spoken and written language

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NEOLOGISM

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Present in Wernicke's aphasia, creation of new words that are not part of the recognised language

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EPISODIC MEMORY

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A memory of a specific, personal event

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SEMANTIC MEMORY

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A memory of generalised knowledge

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PROCEDURAL MEMORY

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Stored abilities to do things

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AMNESIA

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The partial or total loss of memory

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ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA

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An inability to remember events that have happened since the time of injury

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RETROGRADE AMNESIA

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An inability to remember events that happened before the injury

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FUNCTIONAL AMNESIA

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Amnesia caused by psychogenic reasons rather than organic

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COGNITIVE MAPS (KEVIN LYNCH) - FIVE ELEMENTS

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1) Paths - routes along which people move throughout the city
2) Edges - boundaries and breaks in continuity
3) Districts - areas characterised by common characteristics
4) Nodes - strategic focus points for orientation like squares and junctions
5) Landmarks - external points of orientation, usually an easily identifiable physical object in the urban landscape

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COGNITIVE MAPS (TOLMAN, 1948)

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You form mental representations of areas which include information about landmarks, distances and direction

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TOPOGRAPHICAL DISORIENTATION

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Patients fail to find their way around what should be a familiar environment caused by focal brain injury

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LONG TERM POTENTIATION (LTP)

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Long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons that results from stimulating them synchronously. LTP is widely considered one of the major cellular mechanisms that underlies learning and memory

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SCOTOMA

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Any visual field defect

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QUADRANTANOPIA

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Patient is unable to see in the upper or lower contralateral quadrant

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HEMIANOPIA

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Patient is unable to see in the contralateral visual field

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VISUAL AGNOSIA

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Failure to recognise objects using vision with relatively intact sight. Two types of visual agnosia apperceptive and associative

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APPERCEPTIVE AGNOSIA

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Problems with lower level perceptual processes (e.g. can't copy drawings)

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ASSOCIATIVE AGNOSIA

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Problems associating the relatively intact percept with stored information about what the percept is (e.g. can copy, but can't recognise what they copy)

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PROSOPAGNOSIA

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Failure to recognise familiar faces

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ACHROMATOPSIA

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Acquired deficit in identifying colours (but can discriminate one from another). Lesion usually occurs in the fusiform and lingual gyri

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COLOUR ANOMIA

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Can't name colours

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COLOUR AGNOSIA

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Can see different colours but can't recognise them

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CEREBRAL AKINETOPSIA

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Motion blindness - trouble perceiving coherent motion

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ANAETHESIA

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Loss of sensation

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STEREOGNOSIS

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Ability to recognise objects by touch

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ASTEREOGNOSIS

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Inability to recognise things by touch but may be able to describe it verbally. Caused by lesions to the somatosensory cortex

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HAPTICS

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Field of robotics and sensory neuroscience which deals with how we manually explore objects to recognise them

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TACTILE AGNOSIA

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Impaired ability to recognise or identify objects by touch alone

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AUDITORY AGNOSIA

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Difficulty distinguishing environmental and non-verbal auditory cues, even though hearing is normal

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SEMANTIC ASSOCIATIVE AUDITORY AGNOSIA

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Capable of speech but can't comprehend words, associated with lesions to Wernicke's area

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DISCRIMINATIVE AUDITORY AGNOSIA

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Inability to process environmental sounds, associated with lesions to the right hemisphere

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GUSTATORY AGNOSIA

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Inability to identify a tastant. Caused by lesions to the anteromedial temporal lobe

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OLFACTORY AGNOSIA

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An inability to recognise smells, a common finding in parietal lobe tumours

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CEREBRAL LATERALISATION

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The tendency for one of the two hemispheres to excel at a particular skill or function

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APHASIA

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Defect or loss of the power of expression by speech, writing, or signs or of comprehending spoken or written language due to injury or disease of the brain. Usually left hemisphere (Broca's or Wernicke's area)

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APRAXIA

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Inability to make voluntary movements in the absence of paralysis or other motor or sensory impairment; especially an inability to make proper use of an object

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HEMISPATIAL NEGLECT

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Failure to attend to the contralateral space. AKA Left neglect after damage to the right hemisphere

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COMMISSUROTOMY

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Surgically cutting nerve fibre tracts which connect the two hemispheres

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CALLOSAL AGENESIS

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Congenital lack of part or all of the corpus callosum, lowered IQ but no obvious disconnection effect like those seen in split brain patients