Neuropsych Exam Brain Stem

Front 1

Spinal Preparation?

Back 1

separation of spinal cord from brain (CNS)

Front 2

Animal models used for spinal preparation? (From first to last)

Back 2

Rat, dog/cats, primates (monkeys and apes), people

Front 3

Why do neuropsychologists use cats instead of dogs for spinal preparation?

Back 3

Dogs do not anesthetize easily and most cats have the same size heads.

Front 4

Last person to use dogs in spinal preparation?

Back 4

Pavlov studied classical conditioning with salvation and dogs.

Front 5

How do you do spinal preparation on people?

Back 5

You can't because of ethics. One has to use Accidental preparation which is an injury that occurred naturally.

Front 6

Why does the spinal cord appear white?

Back 6

The outside is myleinated and gives the appearance of being white.

Front 7

Why does the inside of the spinal cord appear gray?

Back 7

The inside of the spinal cord has litany cells (gray matter = cell bodies = synapses = decisions are being made)

Front 8

What is the center of the spinal cord filled with?

Back 8

Cerebral Spinal Fluid

Front 9

Name of hole where the spinal cord meets the brain?

Back 9

Basilar Skull Fracture

Front 10

What are ganglion in the brain known as?

Back 10

The nucleus

Front 11

What does Aubrecht call "rivers and lakes" of the brain? And what is the purpose?

Back 11

It is in the very center of the brain and carries the cerebral spinal fluid

Front 12

What is the number 1 purpose of the spinal cord?

Back 12

To carry afferent (sensory) information up and to carry efferent (motor) information down.

Front 13

In what order did the brain evolve?

Back 13

1. Brain stem
2. Limbic system/Paleocortex
3. Cerebrum/Neocortex/Cerebral cortex

Front 14

What makes up the brain stem? (in order from the spinal cord up)

Back 14

Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, thalamus

Front 15

How many nuclei does the Medulla Oblongata have? And what are the purposes? What system do these functions fall into?

Back 15

1. Respiration
2. Heart Beat (vagus nerve)
3. Gastrointestinal function (peristolysis)

Autonomic Nervous System

Front 16

What controls the heartbeat?

Back 16

The vagus nerve

Front 17

Where does respiration exit?

Back 17

Exits ventral root and ends in C3 of the spinal cord

Front 18

What is the diaphragm?

Back 18

Mass of muscle tissue goes across midsection

Front 19

What does the diaphragm do when you inhale and exhale?

Back 19

Inhale - diaphragm goes down and creates a vacuum in chest. 21% of air is oxygen.
Exhale - lungs go up and diaphragm goes back to rest. It gets rid of carbon dioxide.

Front 20

Where does most of the oxygen go when you inhale?

Back 20

The brain uses 25%

Front 21

What happens when your brain has deficit amount of oxygen?

Back 21

higher centers of the brain stop functioning, but will die if oxygen does not resume.

Front 22

What does the Pons control?

Back 22

Controls salvation, feeding, facial expression, higher order auditory relays, and additional respiratory nuclei

Front 23

What is additional respiratory nuclei? (pons)

Back 23

Controls the instinct to breathe

Front 24

If your head is attached but your spinal cord is severed can you live?

Back 24

Yes the heart will stop but it can restart. The impulse to breathe would be gone so you would need a breathing apparatus (iron lung), rescue breathing, or a respirator

Front 25

What does salvation do? (pons)

Back 25

has enzymes that break down starches, lubricates food to make the food swallow easier

Front 26

What is Prandial drinking?

Back 26

Drink to help lubricate food in order to swallow it quicker.
raccoons are fastidious (clean) animals that appear to clean their food before eating, but they are wetting it because they do not salivate

Front 27

What is feeding in term of the pons?

Back 27

Instinct of control of ingestion and swallowing.

Front 28

What facial expressions are controlled by the pons?

Back 28

Aggression (snarl)
Pain (grimace) - might make another cease aggression or might cause maternal caring behaviors

Front 29

What is higher auditory relays? (pons?)

Back 29

Orienting Reflex - hearing a loud, sharp noise and turning towards it.

Front 30

What is the midbrain made up of?

Back 30

Tectum (superior and inferior colliculi) and the Tegmenetum (2 elongated nuclei - substantia nigra & red nucleus)

Front 31

Where is the tectum located and what makes it up?

Back 31

Located in the tectum and is made up of the superior and inferior colliculi.

Front 32

What does the superior colliculi and inferior colliculi do?

Back 32

The superior colliculi controls vision and the inferior colliculi controls auditory.

Front 33

Where is the tegmentum located and what is it made up of?

Back 33

It is located in the midbrain and is made up of the substantia nigra and the red nucleus.

Front 34

If the superior colliculi was large and the inferior colliculi was small, what would that result in and vice versa?

Back 34

Superior colliculi is large and the inferior is small then the animal would have very good vision and poor hearing like a hawk. If the opposite the it would have poor vision and awesome hearing like a bat.

Front 35

What is the function of the Thalamus?

Back 35

The thalamus receives afferent information and relays this information to the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex also sends efferent information to the thalamus which then transmits this information to other areas of the brain and spinal cord.

Front 36

What are the divisions of the Thalamus?

Back 36

Lateral Geniculate Body (LGE), Medial Geniculate Body (MGE), Ventrobasal Nuclear complex, Lateral Ventral Nucleus

Front 37

Where is the Lateral Geniculate Body and what the function?

Back 37

It is a division of the thalamus. The function is the processing center for visual information that is going to the cerebral cortex from the retina. Division of the thalamus.

Front 38

What is the Medial Geniculate Body and where is it located?

Back 38

It is a division of the thalamus. It is the processing center for auditory information.

Front 39

What is the Ventrobasal Nuclear Complex and where is it located?

Back 39

A part of the thalamus' divisions. Receives afferent information from the somesthetic area of the cerebral cortex.

Front 40

Where is the Ventral Lateral Nucleus located and what is the function?

Back 40

Helps to function in coordination and planning of movement by sending efferent information.

Front 41

What is the substantia nigra and where is located?

Back 41

Located in the tegmentum (which is located in the midbrain). Controls voluntary movement and regulates mood.

Front 42

Where is the red nucleus located?

Back 42

it is located in the Tegmentum (which is located in the midbrain).