Neuropsych

Front 1

cognitive neuropsych

Back 1

-specific focus is on mental functions to neural processes
-studeis on animals/humans
-labratory/computer stimulations, not guranteed to show the way the brain works-only theories
-more specific-knock out certain parts in the rats brain

Front 2

neuropsychology

Back 2

-linking brain functions to human mental processes
-inferred from observation
-generalized-->diffuse damage, theories more general

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glia cells

Back 3

"support cells" outnumber neurons 10 to 1
-influence communication of neurons
-aid in developmental organization
-reorganization after brain damage
-remove dead neurons
-conduit to transfer nutrients to neurons

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cerebellum

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balance, coordination, one of the last regions in the brain to mature, connections made bw cerebellum and frontal are last to form
connections bw frontal & cerebellum-cerebellum is moer automatic, whlie frontal is intentional

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cerebellum and timing

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coordination=motor timing issues, important in sports, driving , language, production when to start/stop social timing-interruption

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frontal lobe divisions

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dorsolateral, orbital, medial

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dorsolateral

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memory/attention

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orbital

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emotional processing

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medial

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judgements, decisons, detections of errors

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equipotentiality vs. localization of function

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is the brain one system or made up of parts. damage to one part in the system could potentially have little impact. , sometimes tiny damage to on epart pf brain can have great consqu.

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phineas gage

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ventromedial (ventro=bottom of brain) ofc region-regioin responsible for decision making regarding personal/social matters, as well as emotional processing, damage to this area wul dlead to addictions and hoarding

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epileptic siezures/corpus callosum

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R visual field-L Hemisphere
L visual field-R Hemisphere
-only see with R hemisphere you can still maintain facial recognition, but
-only see with L hemisphere faces were made of fruit, could only focus on elements that made up face and not the face itself

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hemisphere specialization

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R-facial, spatial, nonverbal, global process, consolidates the world
L-languagel, details and specifics

Front 14

drawing pics upside down

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you dont think about the signature or picture as a whole, don't use brain's motor plan for writing the letter, ocus more on what you see, drawing with the R hemi

Front 15

RH damage

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letters only processed by L hemisphere. so only take in the details that make up the whole of the letter

Front 16

LH damage

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only processed by R, whole letter- no indication of the detail but the letter in a straight line.

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left handedness and learning disblaed

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among learning disabled greater disbaled are L handed, not other way around (70% LH)

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american way of looking at brain

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L R

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soviet way of looking at brain

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anterior/posterior (front/back)

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simultaneous processing

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all pieces are processed together-putting puzzle together-integration

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sequential processing

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piece by piece, move onto next piece, not concerned wit hpiece before.

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RH disorder (non verbal impairments)

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by 4th 5th grade, seem lazy, sloppy difficult for child to organize words into essay. can articulte readig more difficult

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Lesion Method

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region associated with behavior-damage to a certain region results in behavior impairment
-->led away from a mass action perspective towards a localization of function-subsystem perspective f bain
-study method with humans and animals

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mass action

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global, diffuse system, all areas of brain required for functioning

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regional focused patients

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milners epilipsy studies, areas within brain associated with memory (temporal/hippo)

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functional focus patients

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patients with neglct (diffuse association) no awareness/attention to a certain region.

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difficulties with brain damage lesion method

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-not precise
-heterogenous sample
-patients wihth many backgrounds
-nature of injury
-injury t oassociated areas
-studying deficient brain, damage to parts

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localized function vs. disconnection syndrome

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is th edysfunction associated with the damaged region or with a disconnect from the functional system-frontal lobe-system without a leader, damaged frontal lobe or damaged sysetm? teachniques for studying this....

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anatomical structures

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CAT, MRI

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physiological function-

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function-consumption of O2 (equivalent to brain activity), glucose, neurotransmitter concentration, electrical activity..PET, fMRI

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electromagnetic

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EEG, ERP-electrical signals

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CAT-computerized axial tomography

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x ray, inexpensive, safe, widespread
detection of density
dense=white
bone (white)
blood (grey)
brainstem (dark grey)
csf (black)
areas damaged longer ago are black

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MRI

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use of magnetic fields, not radiation, superior spatial resolution over cat
magnetic gradeint field

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PET

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functional analogous to CAT
-radiation emetting substance to bloos, blood goes to actovity, radiactive substance breaks down releases gamma rays detected in flow
-accurate localization, but not precise.
-radioactive agent determines info about glucose metabloic activity

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functional MRI

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-physical change=mental function
-cerebral blood flow & blood oxygenation
-neurons fire-oxygen delivered to the area, oxygen magnetic properties detected,oxygenated blood indicates activity-deoxygenated blood and oxygenta ed blood has different magnetic properties more precise then PET, but not as good with nt

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neuropsychology clinical assessment offers...

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fixed/costumized battery tests
-behavior/personality scales
-tests of attention/memory
-iq skills (perceptual reasoning, verbal reasoning, working memory. processing speed)

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customized battery

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like clinical interview-tets relative to concerns

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fixed batteries

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like structured interview, same tests

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differential diagnosis- function not structure

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-specific processing deficits characteristic of
alzheim vs. vascular dementia
language based LD vs nonverbal LD
-identify strengths and weaknesses-tailored approach
-prognosis & expectations
-measure baseline function-initial state of skills-what to expect of person
-gains vs. deterioration-age of person, how they will end up in a few years

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fixed battery tests

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halstead-reitan
luria-nebraska

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halstead reian

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cast a wide net to detect brain dysfunction of either neurological or psychiatric origin, detects functioning in different sensory modalities, many different domains -spatial motor, language, abstract reasoning

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luria nebraska

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wide range of tests that map against alexander lurias theory of the functional organization of th ebrain

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stimulis bound behavior

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see pen use pen, see stain rub stain , hand out shake hand, questionable behaviors within evaluations are what should be tested

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scientific method

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theory-test hypothesis to support or refute theories, way you think, understand what other peopl ethink-must always test hypothesis, cannot assume hypothesis is the answer

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1)brainstem

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energy, arousal, tone
arousal-not lethargic, daily functioning high when phsyiological kicks in
-reticular formation-damage-loss of selectivity among stimuli-a weakened cortex has about the same reaction to insig, weak stimulias it does to strong stimulus
-clueless, deranged-no arousal-unconscious, asleep, don't pay attention to things in front of you, memory trace becomes disorganized

Front 46

neuropsychology clinical assessment offers...

Back 46

fixed/costumized battery tests
-behavior/personality scales
-tests of attention/memory
-iq skills (perceptual reasoning, verbal reasoning, working memory. processing speed)

Front 47

customized battery

Back 47

like clinical interview-tets relative to concerns

Front 48

fixed batteries

Back 48

like structured interview, same tests

Front 49

differential diagnosis- function not structure

Back 49

-specific processing deficits characteristic of
alzheim vs. vascular dementia
language based LD vs nonverbal LD
-identify strengths and weaknesses-tailored approach
-prognosis & expectations
-measure baseline function-initial state of skills-what to expect of person
-gains vs. deterioration-age of person, how they will end up in a few years

Front 50

fixed battery tests

Back 50

halstead-reitan
luria-nebraska

Front 51

halstead reian

Back 51

cast a wide net to detect brain dysfunction of either neurological or psychiatric origin, detects functioning in different sensory modalities, many different domains -spatial motor, language, abstract reasoning

Front 52

luria nebraska

Back 52

wide range of tests that map against alexander lurias theory of the functional organization of th ebrain

Front 53

stimulis bound behavior

Back 53

see pen use pen, see stain rub stain , hand out shake hand, questionable behaviors within evaluations are what should be tested

Front 54

scientific method

Back 54

theory-test hypothesis to support or refute theories, way you think, understand what other peopl ethink-must always test hypothesis, cannot assume hypothesis is the answer

Front 55

1)brainstem

Back 55

energy, arousal, tone
arousal-not lethargic, daily functioning high when phsyiological kicks in
-reticular formation-damage-loss of selectivity among stimuli-a weakened cortex has about the same reaction to insig, weak stimulias it does to strong stimulus
-clueless, deranged-no arousal-unconscious, asleep, don't pay attention to things in front of you, memory trace becomes disorganized

Front 56

neuropsychology clinical assessment offers...

Back 56

fixed/costumized battery tests
-behavior/personality scales
-tests of attention/memory
-iq skills (perceptual reasoning, verbal reasoning, working memory. processing speed)

Front 57

customized battery

Back 57

like clinical interview-tets relative to concerns

Front 58

fixed batteries

Back 58

like structured interview, same tests

Front 59

differential diagnosis- function not structure

Back 59

-specific processing deficits characteristic of
alzheim vs. vascular dementia
language based LD vs nonverbal LD
-identify strengths and weaknesses-tailored approach
-prognosis & expectations
-measure baseline function-initial state of skills-what to expect of person
-gains vs. deterioration-age of person, how they will end up in a few years

Front 60

fixed battery tests

Back 60

halstead-reitan
luria-nebraska

Front 61

halstead reian

Back 61

cast a wide net to detect brain dysfunction of either neurological or psychiatric origin, detects functioning in different sensory modalities, many different domains -spatial motor, language, abstract reasoning

Front 62

luria nebraska

Back 62

wide range of tests that map against alexander lurias theory of the functional organization of th ebrain

Front 63

stimulis bound behavior

Back 63

see pen use pen, see stain rub stain , hand out shake hand, questionable behaviors within evaluations are what should be tested

Front 64

scientific method

Back 64

theory-test hypothesis to support or refute theories, way you think, understand what other peopl ethink-must always test hypothesis, cannot assume hypothesis is the answer

Front 65

1)brainstem

Back 65

energy, arousal, tone
arousal-not lethargic, daily functioning high when phsyiological kicks in
-reticular formation-damage-loss of selectivity among stimuli-a weakened cortex has about the same reaction to insig, weak stimulias it does to strong stimulus
-clueless, deranged-no arousal-unconscious, asleep, don't pay attention to things in front of you, memory trace becomes disorganized

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primary

Back 66

sorts and records sensory info
phonemes-smallest unit of sound, 4 in s-ch-oo-l
acoustic-takes in sensory info
for visual, just observations of color shape

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seconday

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as one word-define word-leads to disorganization of all behavioral processs that would normally respond to that particular stimuli

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tertiary

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info from various sources overlap-foundation for organization of behavior-integrate with other areas of braain-school visual images and mental

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frontal (anterior)

Back 69

forming intentions and programming behavior
-area in front of motor strip involved in motor control and programming to do motor skills, motor program wired into brain-picking up cup of coffee.
-2nd unit involved when doing a task for the first time-more direct route for behavior that is already wired
damage=less likley able to to do intentioned/programmed behavior-not automatic

Front 70

posterior (parietal (cutaneous/kinesthetic) temporal (auditory), occipital

Back 70

analysis, coding and storing of info
divided into three zones
SEE above fuck my computer!

Front 71

motor unit

Back 71

motor neuron-neuromuscular junction-muscle fiber

Front 72

motor tracts or pathways

Back 72

corticospinal, corticobulbar, ventromedial, rubrospinal

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corticospinal

Back 73

cortex--->spinal cord
-skilled/voluntary movements
lateral tract-distal limb muscles (arms, legs, fingers, toes)
ventral tract-trunk, upper arms

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corticobulbar

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cortex-->pons/cranial nerves-assoc with face, tonue, vocal , breathing
facial movements
upper facial-ipsilateral & contralateral
lower facial-contralateral control

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voluntary "higher level" human

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-motor cortex-conntralateral facial nerves
-motor cortex-corpus callosum-opposite hemisphere (more direct route)

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involuntary (spontaneous) "lower level"

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basal ganglia-contralateral and ipsilateral hemisphere-red nucleus-facial nerves

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ventromedial

Back 77

brainstem nuclei (medulla, pons)--> spine (life functions)
-posture (head/trunk)
-eye movement (superior calliculus)
-gross trunk/leg movements (walking)
-autonommic functions (sneezing, muscle tone, breathing)

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rubrospinal

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cerebellum and motor cortex---> midbrain

Front 79

cerebellum

Back 79

looping connections wit hother regions
-modulation, not initiation of movements-control not initiation
-ipsilateral control
-subregions match regional control...
midline cerebellum-trunk/speech
lateral cerebellum-distal structures

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vermis (midline) of cerebellum

Back 80

-receives from spinal cord-->movement and sensation
-projects (descending) to influence ventromedial tract (posture)
-damage=posture/walking defects

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intermediate zone

Back 81

damage=rigid limbs, intention tremors (move hand intentionally with shakiness) shaky movements towards a target, but not shacky at rest
-receives from motor cortex (viaa red nucleus) and somatsosensory info from spine)
-projects (descending) back to red nucleus

Front 82

association fibers

Back 82

tertiary zone, integration of different regions and lobes present in th elateral zone of the cerebellum

Front 83

lateral zone

Back 83

association fibers, projects ascedning back to primary and premotor cortex via red n ucleus and ventrolateral thalamus

Front 84

damage to the lateral zone

Back 84

overshooting ballistic movements
-decomposistion of multi-loint coordination
-impaired sensorimotor learning (old paths intact-competes with old learning-new learning hard to take place, competes iwth ol dpath still in place-like getting ne wglasses
-cognitive timing

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basal ganglia

Back 85

-collection of subcortical structures that form a loop wit hcortical regions and act as a crossroad for motor control, ssyetmatic connectiosn occur bc of basal gangia
-associated with initiating and stopping movement
-internally driven(loops to frontal)

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basal ganglia has a rol ein

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-setting motor system (posture)
-preparig cns for voluntary actions-bg sets frontal lobe to move foward
-autopilotig, overlearned sequences
-supports planning and learning

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damage to the bg in parkinsons

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(not recieving dopamine input due to death of dopamine producing cells in the substantia nigra)leads to akinesia, bradykinesia, tremors

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akinesia

Back 88

inabillity to initiate spontaneous movement

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bradykinesia

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slowness of movement

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tremors

Back 90

rhythmic oscillating movements

Front 91

damage to bg in huntingtons

Back 91

(loss of neurons in th estriatum, reduction in gaba binding-loss of inhibitory control) hyperlinesia-jerky, twitching
athetosis-writing contractions twisting posture

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linkage of movement to space/sensation/gestures

Back 92

parietal regions

Front 93

planning/preparing/initiating

Back 93

premotor, supplemtal motor, frontal eyes fields

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selecting responses and monitering

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anterior cingulate

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controlling force and direction

Back 95

primarty motor

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olfactory

Back 96

smell

Front 97

optic

Back 97

vision

Front 98

oculomotor

Back 98

sensations from eye muscles, eye movements, pupil constriction

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trochlear

Back 99

sensations from eyes muscles, eye movements

Front 100

trigeminal

Back 100

sensations from skin of face, nose and mouth, chewing, swallowing

Front 101

abducens

Back 101

sensations from eye muscles, eye movements

Front 102

facial

Back 102

taste from anter 2/3 of tongue, visceral sensations from head, facial expressions, dilation of blood vessels in the head

Front 103

statoacoustic

Back 103

hearing, equilibrium

Front 104

glossopharyngeal

Back 104

taste and other sensations from throat and posterior third of tongue, swallowing, salivation, dilation of blood vessels

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vagus

Back 105

taste and sensations from neck, thorax and abdomen, swallowing, control of larynx, parasympathetic nerves to heart and viscera

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accessory

Back 106

movements of shoulders and head, parasympathetic nerves to viscera

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hypoglossal

Back 107

sensation from tongue muscles, movement of tongue

Front 108

spinal cord

Back 108

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral nerves

Front 109

motor programs

Back 109

representations (sum of movements) associated with a particular movement, chooing one thing primes you towards the selection of another step. working on step a while brain is already determining step b

Front 110

coarticulation

Back 110

same beginnng phoneme, but mouth is getting ready to say next sound. motor programs- representation to make new sound, so little thought, difficult to see difference (SIMULTANEOUS motor processing)

Front 111

parietal regions

Back 111

generate a mental model for movement

Front 112

supplementary motor

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abstract sequencing of steps

Front 113

superior parietal

Back 113

-interface b/w movement and sensory info (need integration bc cannot have feeling withot movement-vise versa)
proprioceptive and kinesthetic loop

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proprioceptve

Back 114

sensory info (body position) from receptors in body

Front 115

kinesthetic

Back 115

info regarding actual movement

Front 116

somatosensory-premotor/primary

Back 116

damage=lose ability to guide limbs-cant tell where our body is in space

Front 117

inferior parietal

Back 117

-contributes to complex, well learned motor acts
-gestures/pantomine (able to sho w how to brush teeth)
-damage=apraxia

Front 118

connection between parietal and cerebellum

Back 118

-parietal holds internal model
-cerebellum builds it-through combination of the repeated sensory info and associate physical movements

Front 119

parkinsons

Back 119

death of dopamine producing cells in sub nigra due to trauma, neural degeneration, toxins, encephalitis

Front 120

parkinson tremors

Back 120

tremors at rest-not intention tremor (intermediate cerebellum)

Front 121

"cog wheel"

Back 121

rigidity (extensor/flexor muscles)

Front 122

akinesia

Back 122

slowness in movement, parkisonian mask no gestures in face
distirbances in posture (drooping head, balance control)

Front 123

what %

Back 123

behaviors noticable when 60% of nerve cells and 80% dopamine cells lost-body/brain compensates when high % lost under these #s

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compensate by

Back 124

-dopamine increase from other centers that produce it
-decrease inactivation/clearance of dop in synaptic cleft-keep as much dopamine as possible-compensations are only temp, decline with age-brainnot as effective at compensating

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treatment

Back 125

-incraese dop/inhibit cholinergic receptors
-L Dopa (metabolic precursor of dopamine) but has major side effects (mood, personality, halucinations, delusions, memory, attention)
positive effects decrease over years
smoking cigs, caff, alcohol all reduce risks of prk

Front 126

huntingtons

Back 126

inherited, expressed at age 35-45, decreasing age of onset with each generation
-degeneration of striatum
-movement of yes hard to control

Front 127

tourettes syndrome

Back 127

inherited, childhood onset more males then females
-triangular assoc bw td/ocd/adhd
-vocal and motor twitches-like having an itch to scratch (repetitive and involuntary movements

Front 128

compulsive nature

Back 128

strong comorbid assoc to ocd
-urge to tic gets stronger then decreases after released
-basal ganglia assoc (compulsive and movement disorders)

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apraxia

Back 129

inability to preform a well learned motor skill despite having ability an dknowledge to preform it. disconnect between the command and action-involves parietal region (hgher level cortical involvement, not lower)