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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dualism
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Mind and body are separate things- Decarte
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Dual-aspect theory
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mind and body are two levels of explaination of the same thing
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Reductionism
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Mind can be explained solely in terms of physical/biological theory
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Phrenology: Who/Rights/Wrongs
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Gall and Spurzheim. Right: The notion that different regions of the brain serve different functions. Wrong: differences in personality manifest in differences in cortical size and bumps
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Broca
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Patient with left frontal lesion showed specific deficits in language production
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Wernicke
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Patient with a different lesion showed language comprehension deficits
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Timeline of Neuroimaging methods
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EEG-1929 CT/MRI-1973 PET-1979 TMS-1985 fRMI-1990
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Temporal Resolution
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Tells us when a brain event occurs
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Spatial Resolution
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tells us where a brain event occurs
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First Challenge To Cognitive Neuroscience
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It is possible to study the mind without studying the brain.
Neural processing speed - brain provides causal constraints on the nature of cognition |
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Second Challenge To Cognitive Neuroscience
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Functional imaging tells us where cognition occurs, but not how.
-Local blood oxygen v. reaction time - theory that explains how - imagery is like perception |
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Third Challenge to Cognitive Neuroscience
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Cognitive Neuroscience is a new form of phrenology. important to consider computation processes rather than simple localizations and also consider how brain systems interact.
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Cardiocentric View
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The heart is the seat/center of the soul. Why?
1. Centrally located 2. Beating through life 3. It's warm |
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Aristotle
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Cardiocentric view- thought the brain was a radiator. It cools and regulates the hearts temperature.
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Egyptians
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Cardiocentric view- thought the brain was to pass mucus to the nose. Also, the first to name the brain
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Neurocentric View
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the brain is the seat of the soul
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Alcmaeon
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disected animals - sensory nerves from the eyes to the brain
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Plato and Democritus
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Tripartite theory of the soul
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Tripartite theory of the soul
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Brain: intellect
Heart: anger/fear/pride/courage Liver: lust/greed/desire |
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Ventricle theory
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Galen of Pergamon- worked on Gladiators and noticed that if they had a injury to their head if affected cognitive functions. Intellectual soul has three parts perception, reason, memory that are localized in three different ventricles.
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Dualist View
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the body doesn't contain the soul or mind. Vesalius/Decarte
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Vesalius
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ruled out the ventricle theory because he found that animals have them and animals are not smart
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Decartes
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thought that the body is directed by spirits, thought the brain was hydraulic system. The seat of the soul was the pineal gland because there is only one and the soul cannot be divided.
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Holism
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thought that the whole brain was used for cognitive processes. Evidence for this is:
Flourens: birds recover no matter where a lesion is made Lashley: lesions in rats did not impair maze learning |
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Localization
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Broca's and Wernicke's Patients - Localization of higher level functions
Focus on motor or sensory functions, not traits Hemispheric dominance for certain functions |
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John Hughlings Jackson
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Suggested topographic organization. He found that seizures cause characteristic patterns. Jerks progess in orderly way across body parts.
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Localization and Holism: which one is correct?
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both are partially correct: sensory and motor maps. developed motor homonculus. Highly specific processes can be localized to single brain regions.
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Brodmann's Areas
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cytoarchitecture: what the neurons are like - structure. 52 subdivisions
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Hermann von Helmholtz
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Humans can adapt to modified sensory feedback. (distorting prisms) Vision is not just a read-out of external stimulation.
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Donders
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Mental Chronometry - subraction method- Stroop Task. Can measure speed of higher mental operations.
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Wilhelm Wundt
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first experimental lab- studied conscious experience: perception, attention, memory. Used controls. but relied on introspection. little directly measured.
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William James
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"principles of psychology"- focused on functions - specific responses depend on situation
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Ebbinghaus
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birth of experimental psychology. studied memory without introspection.
Learned non-sense syllables. Studied backward and forward inference. |
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Behaviorism
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All behavior stems from learned relationships between stimulus and response. Mind as a black box. Only study what can be observed.
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Cognitivism
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Simplestimulus response associations can not account for all behavior. It is possible to respond differently to the same stimulus depending on the situation.
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Cognitive Revolution
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late 50's. Inspired by computers. Cognition can be divided into numerous mental processes.
George Miller - short term memory Noam Chomsky - language Donald Broadbent - perception/attention |
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Cognitive Neuroscience
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1980's. Limitations of neuroscience or psychology alone to explain behavior.
Advances in brain imaging methods |
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Why should we know neuroanatomy?
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Reverse engineering problem: knowing how the brain is connected can help us understand how it works.
Cognitive Neuroscientists are neurocentric |
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Glial Cells
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1 trillion. 10x more glial cells than neurons. Provide support- structural and metabolic.
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Astrocyte
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form tight junctions with endothelial cells
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Microglia
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Remove Debris
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Oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells
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insulate axons with myelin
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Golgi
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developed stain allowed in visualization of individual neurons - found that shape and size - function
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Ramon y Cajal
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uses golgi stain to show brain is made up of individual nerve cells linked together by long extensions
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Neuron Structure:
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Dendrites, Soma, Axon, Axon Hillock, myelin
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Retrograde Tracers
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Go from axon to cell body - HRP
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Anterograde Tracers
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Go from cell body to axon - 3H-Leucine
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Brain Orientation:
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anterior/posterior
dorsal/superior ventral/inferior lateral/medial |
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Slices
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coronal. sagittal, axial/horizontal
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Sulci and gyri
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sulci:fissures
gyri: bumps |
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Interhemispheric fissure
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Divides the brain into two hemispheres
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Sylvian Fissure
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separates temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobes
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Parieto-occipital fissure
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seperates parietal lobe and occipital lobe
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Gray matter
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Cell bodies
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White matter
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myelinated axon tracts
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Olfactory
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only one that does not pass through the thalmus
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Taste
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insula contains the primary taste cortex
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Auditory
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superior temporal gyrus
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Vision:
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contralateral specialization, neurons in V1 code basic features, what/ventral - object recognition. where/dorsal pathway.
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Thalamus
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All sensory information passes through the Thalamus (except olfaction). So does motor information.
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Hypothalamus
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Located right below the thalamus. Regulated body functions. Body temp, eating and drinking, sexual actiivty, regulation of endocrine functions.
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Limbic System
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emotional processing, learning & memory
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Basal Ganglia
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modulates both avtion and thought by reciprocal interaction with frontal cortex. Hyper: Huntingtons
Hypo: Parkinsons |
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Superior Colliculus
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gaze orientation, rudimentary vision
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Inferior Colliculus
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Hearing
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Pons and Medulla
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Involved in vital functions like breathing and heart rate.
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Cerebellum
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integrates information about motor commands with sensory feedback to enable smooth movement and dexterity
-also communicates with frontal regions that underly movement and cognition. Posture, walking, cordinating movement, cognition |
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Accuracy
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allows us to infer whether internal cognitive processes were succesfully completed.
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