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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the length of a circadian period?
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24 hours
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What is a zeitgeber?
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An external timing cue that adapts circadian rhythm to the environment
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What is one example of a zeitgeber that influences sleep and wakefulness cycles?
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Sunlight
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What is the internal clock in the hypothalamus that regulates the timing of sleep (and wakefulness) and other processes that follow a circadian rhythm?
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Suprachiasmatic nucleus
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What factors do and do not affect the proportion of time spent sleeping from day-to-day?
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Does not: exercise, eventful days, prolonged bed rest, profound sensory deprivation, increased visual stimuli
Does: prior sleep loss |
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What are the 4 behavioral criteria that characterize sleep?
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1) Reduced motor activity
2) Decreased response to stimulus 3) Stereotypic postures (lying down with eyes closed) 4) Relatively easy reversibility (as opposed to coma, hibernation, estivation) |
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What are the two major phases of sleep?
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REM and non-REM
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Describe stage 1 of non-REM sleep.
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It is the transition from wakefulness to sleep, characterized by low-voltage, mixed-frequency patterns.
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Describe stage 2 of non-REM sleep.
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It is characterized by bursts of sinusoidal waves called sleep spindles (12-14 Hz) and high-voltage biphasic waves called K complexes, which occur episodically against a background of continuing low-voltage EEG activity.
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Describe stage 3 of non-REM sleep.
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It shows high-amplitude, low frequency delta waves.
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Describe stage 4 of non-REM sleep.
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slow wave activity increases and dominates the EEG record.
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What EEG activity is observed during REM sleep in humans?
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It reverts to a low-voltage, mixed-frequency pattern similar to stage 1 of non-REM sleep.
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Why is REM sleep called "paradoxical sleep" in some animals?
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These animals experience EEG patterns during REM sleep that resemble wakefulness.
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What periods of non-REM sleep are designated slow-wave sleep in humans?
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Stage 3 and 4
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How does slow-wave sleep in humans differ from slow-wave sleep in some other animals?
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In some other animals, all non-REM sleep is slow-wave sleep.
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Describe the cycles of non-REM and REM sleep that typically occur during one night in a young adult.
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Young adult sleep typically begins with 70-80 minutes of progressing from stage 1 through stage 4, then briefly enters stage 2 or 3, then experiences REM for 5-10 minutes. This cycle of 90-110 minutes repeats 4-6 times with decreasing stage 3 and 4 time and increasing REM time each cycle.
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What changes in the proportion of time spent in REM and slow-wave sleep occur with age?
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As one ages, the amount of time spent in REM gradually decreases. Slow wave activity peaks during adolescence and then declines with age.
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What changes in the frequency of awakening occurs with age?
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Older people tend to awaken more each night.
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Describe the effects of chronic sleep deprivation and selective REM sleep deprivation on rats.
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Rats that have been deprived of sleep for 2-3 weeks die. Rats that have been deprived of REM survive twice as long.
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What do we know about the importance of sleep?
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There is no agreement on this issue.
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What were the conclusions of early studies regarding the relationship between REM sleep and the incidence of dreaming?
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Early studies concluded that dreaming occurs exclusively during REM sleep.
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What do recent findings suggest about dreaming during non-REM sleep?
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Dreaming occurs during non-REM sleep as well as during REM sleep.
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Is REM sleep necessary for dreaming to occur?
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No
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What is the major difference between dreams that occur during REM and non-REM sleep?
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Reports of dreams during non-REM sleep tend to be shorter, less vivid, less emotional, and more coherent.
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What have we learned concerning the meaning of dream content?
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Dream content is not greatly influenced by external stimuli during sleep.
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What is considered to be the greatest difference between the experience of being awake and the experience of dreaming?
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We can differentiate between real and imagined images only when we are awake.
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Why is the ANS is also called the "involuntary nervous system"?
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The visceral reflexes regulated by the autonomic system are not under voluntary control and rarely impinge upon consciousness.
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What are the 3 major divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
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Sympathetic
Parasympathetic Enteric |
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Why is the enteric nervous system described as "autonomous"?
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It has minimal connections to the rest of the neural system and is mainly self-contained.
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List the organs or tissue types innerved by the somatic nervous system, parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system, and the enteric nervous system.
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Somatic: skeletal muscle
Enteric: sensory and motor neurons of the GI tract Autonomic: cardiac, smooth, glands |
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What two phrases have traditionally been used to describe the basic functions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the ANS?
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P: rest and digest
S: fight or flight |
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What is the meaning of the term "homeostasis"?
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maintaining a stable internal environment in the face of changing external conditions
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What is the general relationship between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
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Both systems are tonically active and operate in conjunction with each other and with the somatic motor system to regulate most behavior. Several visceral functions are controlled predominantly by one system or the other, and the systems tend to exert opposing effects on innervated tissues. The balance between the two is what maintains homeostasis.
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What is the autonomic effect on pupil size?
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P: constricts
S: dilates |
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What is the autonomic effect on heart rate and peripheral resistance?
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P: slows heart rate, decreases contraction strength, causes small amount of vasodilation (release of sympathetic constriction causes more vasodilation), and therefore decreases blood pressure
S: Increases heart rate, increases strength of contraction, increases tonic constriction, and therefore increases blood pressure |
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What is the autonomic effect on glandular secretion?
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P: increases nasal and lacrimal secretion and secretion of GI glands (particularly mouth and stomach glands)
s: reduces secretion via vasoconstriction, except in sweat glands and salivary glands, in which it increases secretion |
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What is the autonomic effect on secretion of saliva?
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P: increases water saliva from salivary glands
s: increases viscous saliva from salivary glands |
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Describe the process of peristalsis.
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A wave of contractions along the length of the intestine that propels contents toward the anus.
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What branch of the ANS is solely responsible for peristalsis?
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Enteric
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What is the autonomic effect on bladder contraction and on the internal sphincter of the bladder?
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P: Increases bladder wall contraction
s: relaxes bladder wall contraction and increases internal sphincter contraction |
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What is the autonomic effect on sexual reflexes?
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P: activates erectile tissue and increases glandular secretions
S: activates ejaculation responses |
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What autonomic responses occur during a threatening situation?
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Pupil dilation
Viscous salivation Decreased glandular secretion Increased sweating Increased heart rate Increased vasoconstriction --> so increased blood pressure Bronchiole dilation Bladder relaxation Closed sphincter urethra GI tract is shut down |
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Which areas of the brain receive visceral sensory information and coordinate the autonomic responses?
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Nucleus of the solitary tract * key component
Parabrachial nucleus Periaqueductal gray matter Amygdaloid complex |
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What does the nucleus of the solitary tract do?
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Projects to the brainstem and spinal cord circuits that control autonomic responses
Integrates autonomic function with endocrine and behavioral responses via the hypothalamus |
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What does the parabrachial nucleus do?
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Relays information from the solitary nucleus to the forebrain in response to taste and gustatory cues
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What does the PAG do?
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It relays input from the solitary nucleus, parabrachial nucleus, and hypothalamus to the medullary reticular formation to produce behaviorally coordinated autonomic responses
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What does the amygdaloid complex do?
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It regulates the autonomic component of conditioned responses with input from the cortex, thalamus, and central autonomic system.
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What is the general function of the hypothalamus as it relates to the autonomic nervous system?
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The hypothalamus functions to integrate autonomic response and endocrine function with behavior concerned with the based homeostatic requirements of everyday life.
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What are the 5 basic physiological needs regulated by the hypothalamus?
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blood pressure and electrolyte composition
Body temperature Energy metabolism Reproduction Emergency response to stress, including physical and immunological responses |
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What 3 mechanisms allow the hypothalamus to regulate basic life processes?
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1) Responds to sensory information from virtually the entire body
2) Compares sensory information with biological set points 3) Adjusts an array of autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral responses if it detects deviation from certain set points. |
