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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Invasive methods of investigation
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-Stereotaxic Apparatus
-Record -Stimulate -LesionElectricalChemicalReversible |
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Noninvasive methods of investigation
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-EEG
-Evoked Potential -Polygraph -Imaging |
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EEG (Electro encephalogram)
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-Detailed patterns on where to place electrical conductors
-Hard to interpret, chaotic (Can easily detect states of arousal) -used to detect epilepsy |
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Evoked Potential
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A comparative avg of an EEG:
-presents a stimulus at time 0 and over time (1000 ms [0-1s]) can see brain activity. |
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Polygraph
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Not important.
Big one is SC |
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Xray
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x-rays pass through particles except the dense bone tissue
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Angiogram
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Inject blood w/radioactive blood
-shows the blood vessels, ventricles, and potential blockages |
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CT
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Summation of a bunch of Xrays
-shows 3d density of brain |
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PET
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Measure of activity
-positron emmition (2-DG) glucose utilization |
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Endogenous ligand that bonds to cholinergic receptors
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ACh
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Cholinergic receptor subtypes
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Nicotinic and Muscarinic
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Nicotine
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Exogenous
Agonist EPSP @ Nicotinic |
(Exo/Endo, Ago/Ant, EPSP/IPSP)
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Muscarine
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Exogenous
Agonist IPSP @ Muscarinic |
(Exo/Endo, Ago/Ant, EPSP/IPSP)
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Curare
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Exogenous
Antagonist (Blocks nicotine receptors |
(Exo/Endo, Ago/Ant)
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Atropine
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Exogenous
Antagonist |
(Exo/Endo, Ago/Ant)
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Muscarinic receptors
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IPSP; Cl-; in heart
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Uses for Curare
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-Eye surgery (inhibits movement)
- Blowdarts -> Flaccid Paralysis |
Indiana jones? Maybe....Teemo
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Uses for Atropine |
-Keeps heart rate (+) so barbiturates dont stop hr -Make pupils dialated (belladonna) |
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Know it all...Just know this JPG
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Live, Eat, Breath, ACh, Exo, Ago, Endo, Ant, IPSP, EPSP, Sleep, Breath, ACh, Cholinergic receptors, Cry
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MOA: Box 1
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Drug serves as precursor
Occurs in Axon (AGO) |
L-Dopa, Tryptophan, Tyrosine
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MOA: Box 2
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Drug inactivates enzyme, interrupting the transmitter substance
Occurs in Axon (ANT) |
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MOA: Box 4
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Drug prevents release or causes release
Occurs in Terminal button (ANT/AGO) |
ANT: Botulinumtoxin for ACh. Tetanus for GABA ---------------------------------- AGO: Amphetaminefor DA.Black widow venom for ACh. |
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MOA: Box 7
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Termination of Enzyme inhibitor
Occurs in postsynaptic Receptor (AGO) |
Physostigmine,
Neostigmine (insecticides) for AChE. Exelon (rivastigmine), Aricept (donepezil) for Alzheimer’s. |
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MOA: Box 8
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Reuptakeinhibitor
Occurs in synapse (AGO) |
Cocaine,amphetamine (and meth), TCA’s (imipramine), SSRI’s (Prozac, Lexapro, Paxil,),DARI’s.
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MOA: Box 9
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Drug inactivates enzyme, preventing the break down of products
Occurs in terminal button (AGO) |
MAOI- iproniazid
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Botulinum and Amphetamine's are examples for what MOA Box?
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Box 4
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L-Dopa, Tryptophan, Tyrosine are examples of what MOA Box?
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Box 1
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Physostigmine, Neostigmine, Exelon, and Aricept are examples of what MOA Box?
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Box 7
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Cocaine, Amphetamine, SSRI's, DARI's and TCA's are example of what MOA Box?
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Box 8
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Iproniazid is and example for what what MOA box?
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Box 9
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What is the initial precursor in the synthesis of serotonin?
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Tryptophan
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What is Tyrosine the initial precursor for in the synthesis process?
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DA ---> NE ---> Epinephrine
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Voltage Gated Ion Channels
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-Currentor electrical potential causes ion channels to open/close
-Ion Specific -Located in the Axon, and Axon hillock |
Voltage: Duh
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Ligand Gated Ion Channels
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-Ligand (Exo/End) cause ion channels to open/close
- Locate in the synapse @dendrites or the soma |
Ligand = Chemical
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At Resting Potential where can the greatest concentration of Na+, K+, A-, and Cl- be found in relation to the cell.
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Na+ and Cl-: Extracellular
K+ and A-: Intracellular |
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What is he avg Resting Potential for a Neuron?
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-70mV
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Which ions pass through passive channels?
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Cl- and K+
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What is the ratio does the Na+/K+ Ion pump transport (Active) ions in/out of the cell |
3Na+ out, 2K+ in |
Repolarization of cell |
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What are channels made up of?
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Strings of Amino Acids
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What stimulus activates voltage gated Na+ ionophores?
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Depolarization
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Voltage gated
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Why does the cell fall subthreshold during cell repolarization?
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There is a heavy K+ efflux, in an attempt to repolarize the cell. Diffusion (Refractory Period) bring the cell back to RP
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What is Relative refractory?
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During the refractory phase (Subthreshold) the cell can be restimulated (Suprathreshold) such that another AP can be achieved.
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What is Absolute Refractory?
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Before the AP falls below threshold (Repolarization) no stimulus will incite another AP
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What is the timeframe from when an AP is incited and repolarization reaches the resting point again?
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3ms
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What role does the Myelin sheath play in accelerating the AP through the cell?
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The Myelin Sheath propagates the skipping of the slower AP for faster (decremental) e- signals. These signals travel fast through the myelinated sheath and @Nodes of ranvier illicit another Na+ influx
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What happens when an AP reaches a Terminal Button?
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Gives rise to an Ca++ influx which leads to exocytosis
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Are PSP graded or non-graded?
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-Graded (Not All-or-Nothing)
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Are Gerties quizzes graded or non-graded
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EPSP
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- Ion binding (Depolarization)
- Excitatory - Likely to reach threshold |
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IPSP
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- Cation binding (Hyperpolarization)
- Inhibitory - Less likely to reach threshold |
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Characteristic of Both EPSP/IPSP
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Electrotonus messages (Fast but decay)
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What determines whether an AP is achieved? |
@Hillock, the sum of all the electrotonus messages (psp) must reach AP Threshold. |
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How many binding sites are there in most mammalian GABA Receptors?
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5 (4 GABA facilitators, 1 GABA Receptor)
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In the its most simplest form, what is a GABA recpetor
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A Cl- channel
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What is a GABA a receptor for?
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Barbiturates, Pirotxins, Chlorine, Steroids, Benzodiazepines
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