Neurophysiology Ii

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Cells with high metabolic rate and limited anaerobic capacity

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Neurons

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Ganglia contain

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synapses/soma

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These cells are responsible for CNS tumors as they reproduce by mitosis

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neuroglia, glial cells

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neuroglia responsible for creating the BBB

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astrocytes

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CNS macrophages

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microglia

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blocks release of ACh

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botulism

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Short acting depolarizing neuromuscular blocker, used to intubate

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Succinylcholine

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ACh receptor antagonists

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Curare, vecuronium, atracurium

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ACh agonist natural

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Nicotine

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irreversible ACh esterase inhibitor

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malathion

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reversible ACh esterase inhibitor, parasympatholytic can cross BBB, combats antigcholinergics

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physostigamine

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Parasympathomimetic used to treat myasthenia gravis and curariform toxicity, long-acting

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pyridostigmine

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Pathology of these basal ganglia cause chorea

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caudate nucleus, putamen

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Pathology of this basal ganglion causes athetosis (slow involuntary writhing)

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Globus pallidus

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Pathology of this basal ganglion causes Parkinson's disease.

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Substantia nigra

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Pathology of the hippocampus causes

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Alzheimer's disease, Wernicke's encephalopathy

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major relay center to cortex for all sensory input with exception of smell

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thalamus

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involved in feelings of hunger, thirst, pain, pleasure, center of the limbic system.

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hypothalamus

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Parts of brainstem

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Midbrain, Pons, Medulla

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Function of midbrain

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eye movement, auditory, visual systems

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Function of pons

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input to regulate breathing, etc.

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Function of medulla

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autonomic center, swallowing, coughing

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Function of cerebellum

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modulates movement and postures (inhibitory), attention span and language role

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Pathology of cerebellum causes errors of (4):

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rate, range, force, direction

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Area of brain where cuboidal non-ciliated ependymal cells produce CSF (500 mL/day)

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Choroid plexus

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Functions of CSF

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Cushioning, control CNS environment

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Condition in infants caused by bilirubin in the plasma infiltrating the BBB and destroying neurons

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Kernicterus

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Areas where sensory/motor fibers cross in the brain stem of spinal cord (ex: __ of the pyramids)

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Decussation

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Areas in brain where fibers cross the midline at their level of origin (ex: corpus callosum)

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Commissure

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Transtentorial herniation secondary to increased ICP.

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Uncal herniation

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IV treatment for cerebral edema

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Mannitol

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Number of spinal nerve pairs

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31

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Soma of peripheral sensory neurons reside in the ____ ____ ____.

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Dorsal root ganglia

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Soma of peripheral motor neurons reside in the

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spinal cord

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Functions of spinal cord (2)

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Transmission of impulses to and from higher centers, Modulation of sensory input and modulation of motor functions (reflex arcs)

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The process of nervous system receptor activation and impulse generation

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Sensory transduction

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These afferent (sensory) fibers carry signals from thermoreceptors, baroreceptors, and acute "fast" pain impulses

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A delta myelinated fibers

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These afferent (sensory) fibers carry signals from unmyelinated steady pain in periphery

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C unmyelinated fibers

Front 39

Sensory modulation occurs here in the spinal cord

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Substantia gelatinosa of dorsal horn

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Gate theory

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Neurons in substantia gelatinosa regulate afferent signal strength to CNS.

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Types of mechanoreceptors

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Pacinian corpuscles, baroreceptors in carotid sinus

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Types of chemoreceptors

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Taste, smell, pH, O2, CO2

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Tested with 2-point discrimination test

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Receptive field

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1st order somatosensory neurons

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peripheral to CNS

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2nd order somatosensory neurons

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in spinal cord, cross at midline in spinal cord (spinothalamic) or brainstem (dorsal columns/medial lemniscus)

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3rd order somatosensory neurons

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in thalamus

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4th order somatosensory neurons

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sensory cortex

Front 48

Pain and temperature sensory fibers decussate here

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spinal cord at level of entry

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Touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception sensory fibers decussate here

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Decussation of the pyramids

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Lower motor neurons soma reside here

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Ventral spinal cord

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A single motor neuron and the muscle(s) it innervates

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motor unit

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Force of contraction of skeletal muscle is graded by

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Recruitment of motor units

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stretch receptors in muscle that contain both motor and sensory fibers

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muscle spindles

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stretch receptors found in tendons

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Golgi tendon organs

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All areas of motor cortex contribute axons to the:

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Pyramidal system (corticospinal tract)

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Pathophysiology of the pyramidal system results in:

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weakness, hyperactive tendon reflex, spasticity, irregular Babinski (plantar extension)

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Pathophysiology of extrapyramidal system results in:

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Akinesia, rigidity, chorea (rapid jerky), athetosis (slow writhing), resting tremor

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Cells in cerebellum with GABA-induced inhibitory influence

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Purkinje cells

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Cerebellar tests

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finger to nose, heel to shin