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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Depolarization
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The initial phase of the action potential; an excitatory response; influx of sodium and calcium ions into the cell
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Repolarization
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The restoration phase; an inhibitory response; potassium leaves the cell or chloride enters the cell
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Problems with either the chemistry or structure of the synapse can cause:
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Interruption of normal flow of impulses and stimuli and/or psychiatric disorders
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Neurotransmitter
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Chemicals synthesized from dietary substrates that communicate information from one cell to another
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Monoamines
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Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin
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Dopamine
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Produced in SN and VTA; precursor is tyrosine; removed from synaptic cleft by MAO enzyme
Increase: schizophrenia/psychosis Decreased: substance abuse, anhedonia, and Parkinson's |
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Norepinephrine
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Produced in locus ceruleus of the Pons; precursors tyrosine; removed from synaptic cleft by reuptake; Major neurotransmitter in mood, anxiety, and concentration disorders
Increase: anxiety Decrease: depression |
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Epinephrine
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Produced by adrenal glands; epinephrine system referred to as the adrenergic system
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Serotonin
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Only monoamine that is an indole rather than a catecholamine; produced in raphe nuclei of the brainstem; precursor tryptophan; removed from synaptic cleft via reuptake; Meijer neurotransmitter in mood and anxiety
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Four amino acids
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Glutamate, GABA, glycine, aspartate
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Glutamate
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Excitatory neurotransmitter
Involved in kindling such as in seizures and possibly bipolar disorder Implicated in mood disorders and schizophrenia Increase: bipolar affective disorder or psychosis Decrease: memory and learning difficulty or negative symptoms of schizophrenia |
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Aspartate
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Excitatory neurotransmitter, works with glutamate
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GABA
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Universal inhibitory Nero transmitter, sight of action for benzodiazepines, alcohol, barbiturates, and other CNS depressants
Exciting GABA excites calm Decrease: anxiety disorders |
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Glycine
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Inhibitory neurotransmitter that works with GABA
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Acetylcholine
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Synthesized by the basil nucleus of Meynert
Increase: parkinson's Decrease: Alzheimer's disease and impaired memory |
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Neuropeptides
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Modulate pain
Decreased amount of neuropeptides may be linked to substance-abuse |
