Neurophysiology

Front 1

Sympathetic NS Neurotransmitters

Back 1

Preganglionic: ACh (nicotinic)
Postganglionic: Adrenergic

**Sweat glands are controlled by sympathetic and have ACh as the postganglionic NT

Front 2

Parasympathetic Neurotransmitters

Back 2

Preganglionic: ACh (nicotinic)
Postganglionic: ACh (muscarinic)

Front 3

Passive electrical properties of neurons
(4)

Back 3

Membrane composition
Passive ion channels + concentration gradients
Nernst equation
GHK equation

Front 4

Active electrical properties of neurons
(4)

Back 4

Ligand/voltage-gated channels
Voltage sensors + selectivity filters
Mechanisms of activation + inactivation
Saltatory conduction

Front 5

Ion channel structure

Back 5

S4 = voltage sensor
Channel pore loop
Toxin binding site
4 domains = 1 channel

Front 6

Action potential sequence of events

Back 6

1. Voltage change causes opening of Na channels
2. Na rapidly rushes in (depolarization)
3. K channels open
4. Na channels are inactivated
5. K rushes out of the cell (repolarization)
6. K leaks slowly into the cell

Front 7

CSF pathway

Back 7

Choroid plexus
Lateral ventricles
Foramen of Monroe
3rd ventricle
Aqueduct of Sylvius
4th ventricle
to either foramen of Luschka and around the cerebellum
or to foramen of Magendie to the cisterna magna

Front 8

5 R's of Neurotransmitters

Back 8

1. Resides in the presynaptic neuron
2. Released in response to presynaptic activity
3. Receptors present postsynaptically
4. Removal: termination by degradative enzymes or by reuptake
5. Reproduction: application of a mimicking substance creates the same response

Front 9

Synaptogrammin

Back 9

Protein on the NT vesicle that binds Ca and induces membrane fusion

Front 10

Metabotropic receptor

Back 10

G-protein coupled
Ion channel opening is induced by 2nd messenger
Gives slow, sustained response

Front 11

Ionotropic receptor

Back 11

Large multi-subunit receptor
Direct NT binding to receptor
Rapid, short response

Front 12

Long term effects of NT's on neurons

Back 12

1. NT binds
2. Activation of adenylate cyclase + cAMP formation
3. CREB modulates gene transcription
4. Genes encode receptor proteins/ion channels

Front 13

Biogenic Amine NT's
(5)

Back 13

1. ACh
2. Dopamine
3. Norpinephrine
4. Serotonin
5. Histamine

Front 14

Amino Acid NT's
(3)

Back 14

Glutamate
GABA
Glycine

Front 15

"Other" NT's
(3)

Back 15

Peptides
NO/CO
Growth factors (BDNF, NGF)

Front 16

Long Term Potentiation
(LTP)

Back 16

In glutamate receptors called NMDA receptors.
Ca++ flowing though NMDA receptors activates CAM kinase II.
Leads to and increase in AMPA receptor function and larger EPSPs.
**Learning and memory mechanism

Front 17

Thalamic fasiculus
(2 parts)

Back 17

Ansa lenticularis - from the GPi around the subthalamic nucleus
Lenticular fasciculus - from GPi over the subthalamic nucleus
Both go to the VA and VL of the thalamus

Front 18

Medial forebrain bundle
Fornix
Stria terminalis

Back 18

Reciprocal connections between the hypothalamus and limbix cortex and the cortex

Front 19

Medial forebrain bundle
Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
Mamillary tegmental tract

Back 19

Reciprocal connections between the hypothalamus and the brainstem/spinal cord

Front 20

Paraventricular nucleus

Back 20

Major output for descending information from the thalamus carried in the medial forebrain bundle

Front 21

Medial forebrain bundle

Back 21

Fiber tract from the hypothalamus to the autonomic system in the spinal cord and brainstem

Front 22

Hypothalamic control of mydriasis

Back 22

Limbic input
Paraventricular nucleus (hypothalamus)
Descend to the spinal cord (T1)
Ascend to the SCG, synapse, and travel on the carotid

Front 23

Hypothalamic control of heart rate

Back 23

Regulation in the medullary reticular formation undercontrol of the solitary nucleus signals
Preganglionic neurons at T1/T2
Travel to SCG as white rami
Synapse and postganglionic neurons innervate the heart
Also hypothalamic control of heartrate due to limbic input

Front 24

Hypothalamic control of Respiration

Back 24

Limbic system and cortex act upon the hypothalamus
Hypothalamus controls medullary respiratory centers
Also reflexive control from the solitary nucleus
Signals down to phrenic nerve at C3-C5 to regulate diaphragm
SOMATIC AND ANS control

Front 25

Limbic cortex anatomy

Back 25

Cingulate gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Frontal orbital gyrus

Front 26

Hippocampus anatomy

Back 26

Anterior - piriform cortex (surrounding the amygdala)
Middle - entorhinal cortex (inside the rhinal sulcus)
Posterior - parahippocampal cortex
Lateral to the rhinal sulcus is the perirhinal cortex.

Front 27

Subiculum

Back 27

Major source of hippocampal output to the hypothalamus via the mammilary body

Front 28

Hypothalamic projections to the septal nucleus (via the fornix)

Back 28

Enterorhinal cortex to the Cornu ammonia, Dentate gyrus to the fornix and the septal nucleus

Front 29

Septal nucleus

Back 29

The septal nuclei supply ACh to the hippocampus and these neurons are lost in Alzheimers dementia.

Front 30

Postcomissural fiber

Back 30

Project to the mamillary bodies of the hypothalamus after crossing the fornix

Front 31

Loop of Papez

Back 31

Memory consolidation:
1. Hippocampus
2. Fornix to the postcommisural fibers to the mamillary bodies
3. Anterior thalamic nucleui
4. Limbic cortex
5. Cingulate gyrus signals back to the hippocampus

Front 32

Stria terminalis
Ventral amygdalofugal tract

Back 32

Major connection bridge between the amygdala and the hypothalamus and septal nucleus
(Like the fornix to the hippocampus)

Front 33

Right abducens nucleus lesion

Back 33

Ok looking left, when looking right, the right eye will not abduct, and the left eye will not adduct
(Right lateral gaze palsy)

Front 34

Right PPRF lesion

Back 34

Ok looking left, when looking right, the right eye will not abduct, and the left eye will not adduct
(Right lateral gaze palsy)

Front 35

Left MLF lesion
(Left internuclear ophthalmoplegia)

Back 35

OK when looking left, when looking right:
Left eye will abduct with nystagmus
Right eye will remain midline

Front 36

Left MLF and left abducens nucleus lesion
(1 1/2 syndrome)

Back 36

Looking right: right eye will abduct with nystagmus, left eye stays midline
Looking left: eyes stay midline because no signal to left abducens

Front 37

Right way eyes

Back 37

Paralyzed person is looking toward the side of the body that is not paralyzed.
FEF lesion on normal side (contralateral effect)

Front 38

Wrong way eyes

Back 38

Paralyzed person is looking toward the side that is paralyzed.
Looking away from the lesion.

Front 39

Marcus Gunn Pupil

Back 39

One eye has an afferent lesion, so when a flashlight is swung between eyes, pupils constrict less with light in one eye than they do when the light is in the other eye