Neurophysiology

Front 1

One way pathway processing from top to bottom

Back 1

Hierarchical processing

Front 2

Info distributed to other motor units; more intricate motor control

Back 2

Parallel Distributed Processing

ex. playing piano

Front 3

Movement occurs at the junction of _____, _______, and ______.

Back 3

perception, cognition, and action

Front 4

The more motor units that fire, the _______ the contraction gets.

Back 4

Stronger

Front 5

Neurons at rest have _____ electrical charge. (______ potential)

Back 5

negative

resting

Front 6

Neurons that are excited have ______ nerve impulses, or ______. (_______ potentials)

Back 6

positive

spikes

action

Front 7

Neurons communicate through _______.

Back 7

synaptic transmission

Front 8

A lot of neurons coming together

Back 8

summation

Front 9

preset synapses to fire; enabling; makes threshold easier to obtain

ex. thumping or rubbing muscle

Back 9

synaptic facilitation

Front 10

Increases threshold; takes more to reach threshold

ex. gently stroking muscle

Back 10

defacilitation (habituation)

Front 11

Used for broad area stimulus

Back 11

spatial summation

Front 12

increases number of presynaptic neurons stimulated

Back 12

spatial summation

Front 13

used for quick, pinpoint stimulus

Back 13

temporal summation

Front 14

repeated stimulus of same presynaptic neuron with stronger and stronger stimulus

Back 14

temporal summation

Front 15

Processing levels from lowest to highest

Back 15

Spinal Cord

Brainstem

Cerebellum

Diencephalon - Thalamus

Cerebral Hemispheres
- Cerebral Cortex
- Basal Ganglia

Front 16

Spinal level has what

Back 16

- Reflexes

- Basic flexion and extension movements such as kicking

- More hierarchical process

- Central Pattern Generators (CPG)

Front 17

Brainstem has what

Back 17

- Nuclei involved in postural control and locomotion
- vestibular nuclei, red nucleus, reticular nuclei

- Somatosensory input
- skin and muscles of head
- sensory input from vestibular and vision

- origination of all descending motor pathways EXCEPT corticospinal

- Arousal and awareness

Front 18

Cerebellum has what

Back 18

- Inputs from cord and cerebral cortex
- feedback about movements
- planning

- functions to adjust by comparing outcomes

- modulates force and ROM
- experience helps you determine force and ROM

Front 19

Diencephalon has what

Back 19

Thalamus
- Parallel relay port
- spinal cord, cerebellum, and brainstem information

Front 20

Cerebral hemispheres have what

Back 20

Basal Ganglia
- input from cortex through thalamus
- Higher level cognitive aspects of movement
- Planning motor strategies


Cerebral Cortex
- highest level
- parietal and premotor areas
- ID target in space, action, and program

Front 21

These 3 systems make up postural control

Back 21

1) somatosensory system

2) Visual

3) vestibular

Front 22

Somatosensory system contains

Back 22

- joints, muscles, and skin

(proprioception, kinesthesia)

Front 23

GTO's are sensitive to _________

Back 23

changes in muscle tension

Front 24

GTO's control _________

Back 24

force per unit length

Front 25

2 types of Intrafusal muscle fibers

Back 25

1) Nuclear bag fibers

2) Nuclear chain fibers

Front 26

Slow twitch fibers are ____

Back 26

nuclear bag fibers

Front 27

Fast twitch fibers are _____

Back 27

nuclear chain fibers

Front 28

Extrafusal fibers

Back 28

Regular muscle fibers

Front 29

4 things about GTO

Back 29

1) Sensitive to stretch or contraction

2) Inhibitory agonist; excitatory antagonist

3) Active during stance phase of gait - excites extensors and inhibit flexors

4) No CNS modulation

Front 30

2 things about Joint receptors

Back 30

1) Contributes to perception of position in space

2) Allows determination of exact joint position

Front 31

Nociceptors are ______

Back 31

excitatory

Front 32

Mechanoreceptors are ______

Back 32

inhibitory

Front 33

Thermoreceptors are ______

Back 33

inhibitory

Front 34

Touch and pressure

proprioception

Back 34

dorsal column and medial lemniscus system

Front 35

pain and temperature

crude touch and pressure

spinothalamic, spinoreticular, and spinomesencephalic

Back 35

Anterolateral system (ALS)

Front 36

Hemi-section at cord level with loss of tactile sensation and proprioception on ipsilateral arm. Why?

Back 36

Dorsal colum and medial lemniscus

It hasn't crossed yet.

Front 37

Hemi-section at cord level with loss of pain and temperature on contralateral side. Why?

Back 37

ALS

It crosses immediately in spinal cord

Front 38

Major processing center of the brain

Back 38

Thalamus

Front 39

receives information from both ascending somatosensory tracts

Back 39

thalamus

Front 40

receives information from other areas of the brain including basal ganglia and cerebellum

Back 40

thalamus

Front 41

conscious awareness of somatosensation

Back 41

primary and secondary somatosensory cortex

Front 42

integrates info between body parts

Back 42

area 5 parietal lobe

Front 43

processed visual information

eye-limb coordination for visually guided activities

Back 43

area 7 parietal lobe

Front 44

Exteroceptive sense

Back 44

- ID objects in space

- determining if environment is moving

Front 45

Interoceptive sense

Back 45

- "Internal sense"

- Position of body in space

- Relation of one body part to another

- Motion of body

- "visual proprioception"

Front 46

2 parts of the visual system

Back 46

1) Exteroceptive sense

2) Interoceptive sense

Front 47

This plays a major role in adult balance, postural control, and locomotion

Back 47

Visual system

Front 48

_____ is our primary mechanism for response

Back 48

vision

Front 49

Maintenance of postural stability during standing and walking

Back 49

vestibular system

Front 50

Important motor tasks of the cerebellum

Back 50

- coordination of movement

- regulator of movement

- error detector

- motor learning

Front 51

Non-motor tasks of the cerebellum

Back 51

- cognition

- timing

- non-motor learning

Front 52

3 primary functional areas of the cerebellum

Back 52

- flocculonodular lobe
- controls axial muscles for balance

- vermis & intermediate hemispheres
- controls execution of movement
- modulates muscle tone
- Lesion symptoms: nystagmus, ataxic gait

- Lateral Hemispheres
- Preparation of movement
- timing of agonist & antagonist for ongoing movement

Front 53

Basal ganglia does what

Back 53

- functions in higher level processing of complex movement

- stimulation initiates locomotion and adjusts stepping movements

- control facilitation and inhibition of muscle tone for posture control

- control goal-directed movements

- lesion results in:
- dyskinesia
- akinesia
- slow movements
- disorders of postural tone and reflexes

Front 54

3 parts of task

Back 54

1) stability: BOS stationary

2) mobility: BOS moving

3) manipulation: increase speed/accuracy of task, increase postural demands

Front 55

3 parts of Movement

Back 55

1) Task

2) Environment

3) Individual

Front 56

2 parts of environment

Back 56

- Regulatory
- characteristics of environment which shape the movement itself (ex. floor surface, height of step)

- Non-Regulatory
- environmental features which may affect movement, but need not conform (ex. noise, temperature, distracters)

Front 57

3 parts of individual

Back 57

1) Cognition
- includes attention, motive, emotions, intent or goal of individual

2) Perception
- sensory and perceptual systems; info about the state of the body and about the environment

3) Action
- motor control is studied in relation to some action (walk, sit, run); must understand control of effectors (e.g. muscles) which cause the action to occur

Front 58

NGST Assumptions

Back 58

1) Adequate sensory and motor DEVELOPMENT for movement

2) System can EXPERIENCE or sense effects of movement in context

3)System can ADAPT based on experience

4) SELECTION of movements to accomplish given task in a given environment

5) Functional SYNERGIES form

6) Global motor and sensory MAPS form

7) Favored movements become RE-ENFORCED