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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pharmacology
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the study of the actions of drugs and their effects on
living organisms |
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Neuropharmacology:
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study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system
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Psychopharmacology
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Describes the effects of drugs on psychologic parameters such as moods and cognition
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Neuropsychopharmacology
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All-encompassing term applied to all types of drug effects that influence nervous system function
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Pharmacokinetics (PK)
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How the body moves drugs throughout it’s systems (i.e. What the body does to the drug)
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Pharmacodynamics (PD)
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How the drug powers the body and it’s systems (i.e. What the drug does to the body)
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Pharmacogenetics
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The influence of an individual’s genes in determining the response to a particular drug
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Drug action
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refers to specific molecular changes that occur when a drug binds to a particular target site or receptor
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drug effect
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are the resulting widespread alterations in function
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bioavailability
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the amount of drug in the blood that is free to bind at specific target sites
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Therapeutic effects vs side effects
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desired effect vs. other effects
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How is the bioavailability of a drug determined?
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1. Administration
2. Absorption and distribution 3. Binding 4. Inactivation 5. Excretion |
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first order kinetics vs zero order
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eliminated as a percent (half lives) or as a constant amount
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Enzyme induction
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increase in production over repeated drug use
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Enzyme inhibition
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Direct inhibition: inhibition of enzyme function
Drug competition: compete for binding to enzyme |
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5 things that make a protein a receptor?
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saturability (max binding on response curve)
specificity reversibility restoration of function upon reconstitution (when put back together it still works) molecular biology (can be cloned) |
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Affinity
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how tightly a ligand binds to a receptor
Dissociation constant (Kd) |
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Potency
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the strength of the binding between a drug and its
target; how much drug does it take to exert it’s effects |
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The therapeutic index
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the ratio of TD50/ED50
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Agonist
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Mimics the endogenous ligand by producing the same biological response
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Antagonist
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Has no biological effect upon binding
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Inverse agonist
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Exerts a biological effect that is
opposite of agonist effects upon binding |
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Competitive antagonist
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Compete for ligand binding site and block agonist binding
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Noncompetitive antagonist
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Allosteric antagonist • Binds to an alternative site • May decrease affinity for ligand
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Un-competitive antagonist
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Binds to an alternative site, but requires agonist binding first
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Partial Agonist
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Competes for ligand binding site, but produces less than maximal
response |
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Tolerance
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Diminished response to drug administration after repeated exposure to that drug
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Cross-tolerance
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Diminished effectiveness to a second drug after repeated exposure to the first drug
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Metabolic (drug disposition) tolerance
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Repeated use diminishes the amount of drug at target tissues – Due to increased rate of metabolism – Cross tolerance may result from drugs being metabolized by same liver enzymes
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Pharmacodynamic (functional) tolerance, cellular
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Changes in nerve cells or other target tissue to compensate for prolonged
drug exposure |
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Acute Tolerance
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Effects of drug on ascending limb of dose curve may be more severe than
those on the descending limb of the curve (within one session) |
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Behavioral tolerance (compensatory)
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Context dependency: tolerance develops in the context/environment where the drug is typically taken
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Sensitization (reverse tolerance)
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Enhanced drug effects over repeated exposure
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anterograde
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away from the cell body
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retrograde
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towards the cell body
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