Neuropathophysiology

Front 1

What are the features of a neuron?

Back 1

Cell body, Dendrite, Axon

Front 2

Which type of cell is responsible for the formation of myelin?

Back 2

Oligodendrocytes

Front 3

Maintain the chemical environment for neuronal signaling, produce molecules that inhibit axon growth in response to a brain injury, and remove neurotransmitters from the extacellular fluid. They also induce formation of the BBB and play a role in immune response.

Back 3

Astrocytes

Front 4

Synapse occurs between ______ and _____.

Back 4

The axon terminal of one neuron, the dendrite of another neuron.

Front 5

Microglia

Back 5

Derived from homatpoietic precursor cells of from neural precusor cells. These cells remove cellular debris. They also secrete chemical signals that that control local inflammation, influence cell death by phagocytosis, or influence cell survival. Similar to macrophages.

Front 6

True or False: dysmyelination is the loss of myelin after it is formed.

Back 6

False. Dysmyelination is the impediment to the initial formatjion of myelin. Demyelination is the right term for the definition on the other side of this card.

Front 7

What are three types of glial cells in the CNS?

Back 7

Astrocyte, microgila, oligodendrocyte

Front 8

Myelin functions to protect axons and acts as an electical insulator that increases action potential conduction. This increase in speed is due to action potential generation that occurs at the gaps in between myelin wrapping, called _______.

Back 8

Nodes of Ranvier

Front 9

The prominence on a nerve-cell body from which an axon arises.

Back 9

Axon Hillock

Front 10

When a pathogen cannot be overcome by the _______, the __________ is initiated.

Back 10

Innate immune system, adaptive immune system

Front 11

____________ cells function as antigen presenting cells that link the innate and the adaptive immune systems.

Back 11

Dendritic cells

Front 12

Which type of cell is responsible for the recognition of the antigen?

Back 12

Naive T-cells

Front 13

Which type of cell directly attacks and destroys pathogen-infected cells?

Back 13

Cytotoxic T-Cells

Front 14

How do antibodies may contribute to humoral immunity?

Back 14

Neutralization, opsonization, and complement activation

Front 15

The main types of innate immunity cells are _____________.

Back 15

Macrophages & neutrophils

Front 16

Clonal Expansion is a feature of the ___________ immune system.

Back 16

Adaptive

Front 17

It is hypothesized that MS is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system targets ____________.

Back 17

Self-antigens

Front 18

MS is a neurological disease that causes damage to the myelin sheaths within the CNS and the PNS.

Back 18

False

Front 19

Name 3 factors implicated in the cause of MS.

Back 19

Infectious agents, smoking, Vitamin D

Front 20

Among infectious agents that have been suggested as a potential cause of MS, the one with the most supportive data is ______________.

Back 20

Epstein-Barr (EBV)

Front 21

True or False: Both the innate & the adaptive immune systems play a role in MS.

Back 21

True

Front 22

True or False: One role of the B-cells in MS is focused on their potential to react to particular antigens in the CNS and produce auto-antibodies.

Back 22

True

Front 23

True or False: Cytokines are maily categorized as pro-inflammatory.

Back 23

False

Front 24

Adhesion molecules allow circulating cells of the immune system, such as leukocytes, to access the CNS and cause: ______________.

Back 24

Inflammation, Demyelination & Gliosis, and Axonal Injury

Front 25

True or False: In the study by Trapp & colleagues axonal transection was observed in the normal-appearing white matter of people who had MS.

Back 25

True

Front 26

Describe the blood-brain barrier.

Back 26

Prevents the passage of toxins into the brain.

Front 27

Based on functional distinction the CNS is divided into 2 systems. They are ______________ and ___________.

Back 27

Sensory and Motor

Front 28

Cells of the nervous system are divided into categories. These categories are _______ and ___________.

Back 28

Neurons and glia

Front 29

True or False: Neurotransmitters are key components that facilitate the transmission of action potentials across a synapse.

Back 29

True

Front 30

The immune system is divided into two broad types of immunity. Name them.

Back 30

Innate and adaptive

Front 31

What are some factors that may cause MS?

Back 31

Genetic, Vitamin D, Infection and Immunologic (not Diet).

Front 32

Demyelination is commonly considered to be primarily associated with MS; however, _______ also plays a role in disease pathogenesis. (Three things)

Back 32

Gliosis, axonal damage and atrophy

Front 33

A method frequently used to provide soft-tissue immages in the diagnosis of MS and does not expose patients to potentially harmful radiation.

Back 33

MRI