Neurons, Hormones, And The Brain

Front 1

Centeral Nervous System

Back 1

The portion of the nervous system consisting of the brain and the spinal cord

Front 2

Spinal Cord

Back 2

a collection of neurons and supportive tissue running from the base of the brain down the center of the back , protected by a column of bones

Front 3

Spinal Reflexes

Back 3

automatic behavior produced by the spinal cord without brain involvemnt.

Front 4

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Back 4

all portions of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord. It includes sensory and motor nerves.

Front 5

somatic nervous system

Back 5

the subdivsion of the peripherial nervous system that conects to the sensory receptors and to skelatal muscles, sometimes called the skelatal nervous system

Front 6

autonomic nervous system

Back 6

the subdivsion of the peripherial nervous system that regulates the interal organs ad glands

Front 7

sympathetic nervous system

Back 7

the subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes bodily resources and increases the output of energy during emotion and stress

Front 8

parasympathetic nervous system

Back 8

the subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that operates during relaxed states and that conserves energy

Front 9

neuron

Back 9

cell that conducts electrocehmical signals, basic unit of the nervous system, nerve cell

Front 10

glia

Back 10

cells that support, nurture, and insulate neurons , remove debris when neurons die, and modify neuronal functioning

Front 11

dendrties

Back 11

A neuron's branches that receive information from other neurons and transmit it toward the cell body

Front 12

cell body

Back 12

the part of the neuron that keeps it alive and determines whether it will fire.

Front 13

axon

Back 13

a neuron's extending fiber that conducts impulses away from the cell body and transmits them to other cell neurons or muscle or gland cells.

Front 14

myelin sheath

Back 14

a fatty insulation that may surround the axon of a neuron

Front 15

nerve

Back 15

a bundle of nerve fibers ( axons and sometimes dendrites) in the peripherial NS

Front 16

stem cells

Back 16

immature cells that renew themselves and have the potential to develop into mature cells.

Front 17

synapse

Back 17

the site where transmission of a nerve impulse from one nerve cell to another occurs

Front 18

plasticity

Back 18

the brains ability to change and adapt in response to experience

Front 19

action potential

Back 19

a brief change in electrical voltage that occurs when a neuron is stimulated . it serves to produce electrical impulse

Front 20

neurotransmitters

Back 20

a chemical substance that is released by a transmitting neuron at the synapse and that alters the activity of a receiving neuron

Front 21

Biofeedback

Back 21

when people use devices to track the bodily process of the heightend or supressed automatic response

Front 22

excitatory

Back 22

a voltage shift in the positive direction

Front 23

inhibitory

Back 23

a voltage shift in the negative direction

Front 24

nodes

Back 24

constrictings in the mylein sheath , divide it into section

Front 25

spines

Back 25

while axons and dendrites continue to grow (tiny projectionss) increase in size/number producing more complex connections among the brain nerve cells

Front 26

serotonin

Back 26

affects neuron involved in sleep , appetite, sensory perception, temp regulation,pain supression and mood

Front 27

dopamine

Back 27

affects neurons involved in voluntary movement , learning, memory, response to novelty

Front 28

acetylcholine

Back 28

affects neurons involved in muscle actions, cognitive functioning , memory, and emotion

Front 29

norepineephrine

Back 29

affects neurons involved in increased heart rate and the slowing of internal activity during stress, and neurons involved in learning , memory, dreaming, waking from sleep and emotion

Front 30

GABA

Back 30

functions as the major inhibitory neurotransitter in the brain

Front 31

glutamate

Back 31

functions as the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, it is released by about 90% of the brains neurons

Front 32

endorphins

Back 32

chemical substances in the nervous system that are similar in struture and actions to opiates, pain reduction, pleasure, memory.

know as endogenous opioid peptides

Front 33

hormones

Back 33

chemical substances , secreted by organs called glands ,, that affect the functioning of other organs.

Front 34

endocrine glands

Back 34

internal organs that produce hormones and release them into the bloodstrean

Front 35

melatonin

Back 35

a horomone secrected by the pineal gland, that is invovled in the regulation of daily biological rhythms

Front 36

oxytocin

Back 36

a horomone secrected by the pituitary gland, that stimulates uterine contractions in childbirth,facilitates the ejection of milk during nursing, and in both sexes attachment and trust in relationships

Front 37

adrenal horomones

Back 37

horomones that are produced by adrenal glands and that are invlved in emotion and stress

Front 38

horomones that regulate the development and functioning of reproductive organs and that stimulate the develpoment of sexual characteristics : androgens, estrogen,progesterone

Back 38

sex horomones

Front 39

a recording of the neural activity detected by electrodes

Back 39

EEG

Front 40

TMS

Back 40

stimulating brain cells, using powerful magnetic field produced by wire coil placed on a persons head

Front 41

PET scan

Back 41

a method for analyzing biochemical activity in the brain, using injections of a glucoselike substance containing radioactive element

Front 42

a method for studying body and brain tissue, using magnetic fields and special radio receivers

Back 42

MRI

Front 43

specialization of particular brain areas for particular function

Back 43

localization of function

Front 44

the part of the brain at the top of the spinal cord, consisting of the medulla and pons.

Back 44

brain stem

Front 45

a structure in the brain stem involved in, among other things, sleeping, waking, and dreaming

Back 45

pons

Front 46

structure in the brain stem responsible for certain automatic functions, such as breathing and heart rate.

Back 46

medulla

Front 47

reticular activating system

Back 47

a dense network of neurons in the core of the brain stem ,, it arouses the cortex and screens incoming information

Front 48

a brain structure that regulates movement and balance and that is involved in some cognitive tasks

Back 48

cerebellum

Front 49

a brain structure that relays sensory messages to the cerebral cortex

Back 49

thalamus

Front 50

a brain structure involved in emotions and drives vital to survival, it regulates the autonomic nervous system

Back 50

hypothalamus

Front 51

pituitary gland

Back 51

a small endocrine gland at the base of the brain that releases many horomones and regulates other endocrine glands

Front 52

a group of brain areas involved in emotional reactions and motivated behavior

Back 52

limbic system

Front 53

amygdala

Back 53

a brain structure invovled in the arousal and regulation of emotion and the initial emotinal response to sensory information

Front 54

a brain structure involved in the storage of new information in the memory

Back 54

hippocampus

Front 55

cerebrum

Back 55

the largest brain structure consisting of the upper part of the brain, it is in charge of most sensory, motor, and cognitive processes.

Front 56

the two halves of the cerebrum

Back 56

cerebral hemispheres

Front 57

the bundle of nerve fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

Back 57

corpus callosum

Front 58

specialization of the two cerebral hemispheres for particular operations

Back 58

lateralization

Front 59

a collection of several thin layers of cells covering the cerebrum: largely responsible for higher mental functions

Back 59

cerebral cortex

Front 60

lobes at the lower part of the brains cerebral cortex; they contain areas that receive visual information

Back 60

occipitial lobes

Front 61

lobes at the top of the brain's cerebral cortex: they contain areas that receive information on pressure,pain,touch, and temperature

Back 61

parietal lobes

Front 62

lobes at the sides of the brains cerebral cortex: contain areas involved in hearing, memeory, perception, emotion and language comprehension

Back 62

temporal lobes

Front 63

lobes at the front of the brains cerebral cortex ; contain areas invovlved in short term memory . higher -order thinking, initiative , social judgement,and speech production

Back 63

frontal lobes