Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
1. caudate nucleus
2. putamen 3. globus pallidus 4. subthalamic nucleus 5. substantia nigra |
BASAL GANGLIA
|
|
|
Major signs and symptoms associated with lesions in the basal ganglia:
|
Involuntary movements and resting tremors
|
|
|
major sign of a lesion in the cerebellum:
|
incoordination, clumsiness
|
|
|
CN II is an outgrowth of the :
|
Diencephalon
|
|
|
Unimodal means:
|
single function
|
|
|
Multimodal means:
|
multi function
|
|
|
The primary auditory cortex is in the:
|
superior temporal gyrus
|
|
|
The primary auditory nucleus recieves input from the:
|
medial geniculate nucleus
|
|
|
The primary visual cortex receives its input from the:
|
lateral geniculate nucleus
|
|
|
The primary motor cortex is the final cortical site for the processing of motor commands and is involved with:
|
the execution of motor commnads
|
|
|
The primary motor cortex is located in:
|
the precentral gyrus
|
|
|
The primary motor cortex is responsible for the:
|
EXECUTION OF MOVEMENTS
|
|
|
The two large areas of the neocortex that are involved in higher order mental functions:
|
1. PTO (parietal-temporal-occipital lobe
2. Prefrontal cortex |
|
|
What does the PTO do?
|
the PTO association cortex integrates information recieved from all the unimodal sensory association cortical regions and puts it together (perception)
|
|
|
The PTO projects to the prefrontal association cortex that is involved in:
|
planning, judgement, decision making, understanding the consequences and determining socially appropriate behavior.
|
|
|
Functions of the prefrontal cortex:
|
planning / order
motivation / initiative control / restraint |
|
|
What hemisphere of the brain are the language centers primarily in?
|
LEFT
|
|
|
Wernicke's area is involved in:
|
The receptive aspect of language and comprehension
|
|
|
Broca's area is involved in the:
|
expressive aspect of language
|
|
|
Dysarthria is:
|
a problem articulating speech.
|
|
|
Dysarthria may result in lesions involving the brainstem and cerebellum:
|
CN V3 mandibular - jaw movement
CN VII - cheek muscles CN IX / X - soft palate CNXII - tongue movement Cerebellum (coordinates all movement) |
|
|
Wernicke's aphasia:
|
sensory aphasia
receptive aphasia fluent aphasia |
|
|
Broca's area:
|
motor aphasia
expressive aphasia non-fluent aphasia |
|
|
What is impaired in Wernicke's aphasia?
|
comprehension and understanding.
words come out easily but they make no sense, patient may use the wrong words, combine pats of different words... speech is fluent but meaningless |
|
|
What happens in Broca's aphasia?
|
The person can understand you, but they cannot express themselves (non-fluent)
|
|
|
What is Global Aphasia?
|
lesion is both Broca's and wernicke's leads to both problems with comprehension and expression
|
|
|
Right hemisphere functions:
|
Right hemisphere is the non-dominant hemi for language and is not involved with words, but rather tones, cadences and emphasis with words
|
|
|
Most sensory information reaches the cortex indirectly by relay neurons in the....
|
THALAMUS
|
|
|
The thalamus is also known as the :
|
gatekeeper
|
|
|
The hypothalamus is only visible from the:
|
inferior portion of the brain
|
|
|
Hypothalamic functions include:
|
sex and repro functions
feeding behavior water balance (ADH) osmolarity of the blood thermoregulation biologic and circadian rhythms analgesic |
|
|
Polyuria is
|
too much urine is excreted
|
|
|
Polydipsia is:
|
excessive thirst / water intake due to too much urine being excreted
|
|
|
What does the paraventricular nucleus do?
|
regulates water balance
produces ADH and OXYTOCIN destruction of this nucleus causes diabetes insipidus |
|
|
What does the suprachiasmactic nucleus do?
|
receives input from the retina
controls circadian rhythms |
|
|
What does the arcuate nucleus do?
|
produces hypothalamic releasing factors
contains dopa-ergic neurons that inhibit pain. |
|
|
Loss of sympathetic innervation of the head and face is called?
|
Horner's syndrome
|
|
|
Horner's syndrome presents with
|
Ptosis (drooping of the eyelid)
Miosis (constriction of pupil) Anhydrosis (decreased sweating) |
|
|
The hypothalamic spinal projections in the dorsolateral pons and medulla are most commonly damaged as a consequence of occlusion of the PICA, and is called:
|
Wallenburg syndrome
|
|
|
When a person develops Wallenburg syndrome, what syndrome may accompany it as a secondary condition?
|
Horner's syndrome
|
|
|
An apical lung tumor that may interrupt the T1 preganglionic fibers to the sympathetic chain:
|
Pancoast tumor
|
|
|
What hormones does the anterior pituitary produce?
|
Stimulating hormones:
GH TSH FSH LH ACTH Prolactic |
|
|
What is one of the best known hypothalamic syndromes?
|
Diabetes insipidus
|
|
|
The hypothalamus modulates pain through what brainstem nuclei?
|
periaqueductal gray
raphe magnus nucleus |
|
|
What cranial nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure?
|
Occulomotor
trochlear trigeminal abducens |
|
|
What cranial nerves pass through the Internal Auditory meatus?
|
Facial
Vestibularcochlear |
|
|
What cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen?
|
CN 9, 10, 11
|
|
|
When would diplopia develop with a right abducens (VI) lesion?
|
When looking to the right
|
|
|
If diplopia develops, when looking laterally to the left, which muslces and cranial nerves might be involved?
|
Left lateral rectus
left abducens nerve or Right medial rectus Right occulomotor n. |
|
|
The trochlear nerve innervates the contralateral:
|
superior oblique muscle
|
|
|
What parasympathetic cranial nerve innervates the lacrimal gland?
|
CN VII facial
|
|
|
What nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?
|
CN VII facial
|
|
|
Are the motor fibers in the facial nerve upper or lower motor neurons?
|
LMN's
|
|
|
The facial nucleus receives what innervation?
|
corticobulbar UMN innervation
|
|
|
Involvement of the facial nerve as it passes through the facial canal in the temporal bone usually compromises both the fibers to the upper and lower face resulting in facial weakness on what side?
|
IPSILATERAL
|
|
|
Facial weakness due to an UMN lesion (corticobulbar tract) results in weakness where?
|
The contralateral lower quadrant of the face.
|
|
|
The cerebellum constitutes only 10% of the brain, but it contains more than ______ of its neurons.
|
1/2
|
|
|
The anterior and / or paraventricular nuclei stimulate the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?
|
The parasympathetic
|
|
|
Is an erection a sympathetic or parasympathetic function?
|
parasympathetic
|
|
|
The posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus stimulates what system?
|
The sympathetic.
|
|
|
Is ejacuation sympathetic or parasympathetic?
|
SYMPATHETIC
|
|
|
What hypothalamic nucleus is also known as the "master clock"?
|
The suprachiasmatic
|
|
|
Where is the cerebellum located?
|
In the posterior fossa behind the brainstem
|
|
|
The cerebellum is derived from:
|
The metenchephalon (along with the pons)
|
|
|
How many lobes does the cerebellum have?
|
3 lobes
|
|
|
What are the names of the lobes of the cerebellum?
|
1. flocculonodular (archicerebellum)
2. anterior lobe (paleocerebellum) 3. posterior lobe (neocerebellum) |
|
|
From medial to lateral the cerebellar nuclei are as follows:
|
Fastigial, globose, emboliform, and dentate
|
|
|
The medial (vermal)zone projects to which nucleus?
|
The fastigial
|
|
|
The lateral zone projects to which nucleus?
|
the dentate
|
|
|
The longitudinal zones of the cerebellum are associated with which nuclei?
|
the deep cerebellar nuclei
|
|
|
The cerebellum consists of 3 functional divisions:
|
1. vestibulocerebellum (flocculonodular lobe)
2. spinocerebellum (medial and intermediate zone) 3. cerebrocerebellum (lateral zone) |
|
|
What are the functions of the cerebellum?
|
balance
coordination of head and eye movements posture coordination of voluntary movements motor planning motor learning |
|
|
Which functional division of the cerebellum is involved in balance and coordination of the head and eyes?
|
vestibulocerebellum
|
|
|
the spinocerebellum influences motor function of :
|
the trunk and limbs via its influence on the medial UMN groups in the spinal cord.
|
