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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM?
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HOMEOSTASIS, COMMUNICATION, AND SPECIALIZED FOR THE RAPID TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS FROM CELL TO CELL.
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WHICH PORTION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM PROVIDES VOLUNTARY CONTROL TO SKELETAL MUSCLES?
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SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.
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AFFERENT NERVE FIBER?
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CARRYING SENSORY SIGNALS FROM RECEPTORS "TO" THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
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EFFERENT NERVE FIBER?
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CARRYING MOTOR SIGNALS "AWAY" FROM THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TO EFFECTORS.
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MOTOR NEURONS?
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TRANSMITS SIGNALS FROM CNS TO ANY EFFECTOR.AXON IS AN EFFERENT NERVE FIBER.LEADS TO MUSCLES CELLS.
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SOMATIC NEURONS?
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SKELETAL MUSCLES; VOLUNTARY.
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AUTONOMIC NEURONS?
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INTERNAL GLANDS; INVOLUNTARY.
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SATELLITE CELLS?
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LOCATED AROUND THE SOMA. SURROUND THE NEURON CELL BODIES IN GANGLIA OF THE PNS.
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MICROGLIA?
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JANITORS. PHAGOCYTES-CLEAN CELL DEBRE.
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OLIGODENDROCYTE?
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MYELINATORS. FORM MYELIN IN BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD.
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EPENDYMAL CELLS?
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REGULATES (SECRETES AND CIRCULATES) CEREBRIAL SPINAL FLUID. LINE CAVITIES OF BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD.
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ASTROCYTES?
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VERY LARGE IN CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. FORM SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORK IN CNS.STAR SHAPED. LIMITED REPAIR. BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER. FORM SCAR TISSUE.
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SCHWANN CELLS?
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CREATE MYELIN. AID IN REGENERATION OF DAMAGED NERVE FIBERS.
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MYELIN?
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LAYER OF LIPID.
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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)?
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CONSISTS OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD, WHICH ARE ENCLOSED AND PROTECTED BY THE CRANIUM AND VERTEBRAL COLUMN.
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PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)?
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CONSISTS OF ALL THE NERVOUS SYSTEM EXCEPT THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD. (HAS NERVES + GANGLIA).
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COLLATERALS?
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BRANCHES OF AXONS THAT REACH OUT AND COMMUNICATE.
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TELODENDRIA?
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"END" DENDRITES. (TOUCH DENDRITES).
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HILLOCK?
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PART OF TRIGGER ZONE.
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SYNAPTIC KNOB?
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THE SWOLLEN TIPS OF THE DISTAL BRANCHES OF AN AXON;
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TRIGGER ZONE?
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A AXON HILLOCK.
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INITIAL SEGMENT?
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THE SHORT SECTION OF NERVE FIBER BETWEEN THE AXON HILLOCK AND THE FIRST GLIAL CELL.
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SYNAPSE?
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SPACE BETWEEN SYNAPTIC KNOB AND EFFECTOR.
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RETROGRADE FLOW?
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BACKWARDS AXOPLASMIC TRANSPORT.
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ANTEGRADE FLOW?
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FORWARD AXOPLASMIC TRANSPORT.
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AXOPLASMIC FLOW?
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MOVING THINGS THROUGH AXON OF CYTOPLASM.
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CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)?
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EVERY 8 HOURS IT IS REPLACED(150ML). LIQUID THAT FILLS THE VENTRICLES OF THE BRAIN, THE CENTRAL CANAL OF THE SPINAL CORD, AND THE SPACE BETWEEN THE CNS AND DURA MATER.
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INTEROCEPTORS?
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MONITOR INTERNAL ENVIROMENT.
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EXTEROCEPTORS?
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MONITOR EXTERIOR ENVIROMENT.
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PROPRIOCEPTORS?
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POSITION OF BONES AND MUSCLES.
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DENDRITES?
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PROCESSES OF NEURON THAT RECEIVE INFO FROM OTHER CELLS OR FROM ENVIROMENTAL STIMULI AND CONDUCT SIGNALS TO THE SOMA.
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SOMA?
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BODY OR CELL BODY.
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MULTIPOLAR NEURONS?
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HAVE ONE AXON AND MULITPLE DENDRITES. MOST COMMON IN BODY.
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BIPOLAR NEURONS?
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TWO BRANCHES. HAVE ONE AXON AND ONE DENDRITE.
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UNIPOLAR NEURONS?
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ONE BRANCH PROCESS LEADING FROM SOMA.CARRY SENSORY SIGNALS TO THE S.C
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ANAXONIC NEURONS?
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NO AXON. COMMUNICATE THRU MULITPLE DENDRITES. DO NOT PRODUCE ACTION POTENTIALS.
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DEPOLARIZATION?
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SODIUM RUSHING IN. MEMBRANE VOLTAGE SHIFTS TO A LESS NEGATIVE VALUE.
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REPOLARIZATION?
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SODIUM PUMPED OUT. SHIFTS VOLTAGE BACK INTO NEGATIVE NUMBERS.
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HYPERPOLARIZATION?
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DIP. MAKE THE MEMBRANE MORE NEGATIVE.
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INTERNEURONS?
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LIE W/IN CNS. PROCESS, STORE, AND RECIEVE INFO.
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NERVE TRACTS?
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GROUPS OF SIMILAR AXONS.
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DORSAL ROOT?
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SENSORY; SPINAL CORD.
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GANGLIA?
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CNS CLUSTERS OF NUCLEAR BODIES.
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DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA?
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SENSORY UNIPOLAR CELL BODIES. CONTAIN SOMAS OF AFFERENT NEURONS.
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VENTRAL ROOT?
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MOTOR (EFFERENT). THE BRANCH OF A SPINAL NERVE THAT EMERGES FROM THE ANTERIOR SIDE OF THE SPINAL CORD.
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GRAY HORNS?
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ANATOMY OF SPINAL CORD; CELL BODIES.
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ANTERIOR MEDIAN FISSURE? (AMF)
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LARGER CRACK.
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POSTERIOR MEDIAN SULCUS? (PMS)
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SMALLER CRACK.
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WHITE SPINAL COLUMNS?
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WHITE MATTER, MYELINATED AXONS, AWAY;GANGLIA.
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GRAY RAMUS COMMUNICANTES?
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ANS TO GANGLIA.
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WHITE RAMUS COMMUNICANTES?
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM TO GANGLIA.
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DORSAL RAMUS?
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BACK. (NERVE DIVIDED.)
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VENTRAL RAMUS?
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LIMBS. (NERVE DIVIDED.)
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DERMATOME? (SKIN CELL)
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SECTION OF SKIN MONITORED BY SENSORY NEURON.
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HOW DOES THE RABIES VIRUS TRAVEL TO THE CNS?
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RETROGRADE FLOW.
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE NA-K ATP-ASE PUMP IN A TYPICAL NEURON AT REST?
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3 SODIUMS FROM INSIDE AND PUMPS OUT. 3 POTASSIUM FROM OUTSIDE PUMPS IN.
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WHERE ARE THE VOLTAGE-REGULATED CHANNELS FOUND IN A NEURON?
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AXON MEMBRANE (AXOLEMMA).
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DESCRIBE THE "ALL OR NONE" PRINCIPLE.
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THERE'S EITHER AN ACTION POTENTIAL OR NOT.
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WHAT IS SALTATORY AP PROPAGATION?
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JUMPING, MYELIN.
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WHAT FACTORS DETERMINE THE TIME IT TAKES FOR A NERVE IMPULSE TO BE PROGATED ALONG AN AXON?
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MYELINATED AXON, DIAMETER, AND LENGTH OF AXONS.
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WHAT ARE CHEMICAL, ELECTRICAL, AND MECHANICAL SYNAPSES?
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MOST SYNAPSES ARE CHEMICAL, ELECTRICAL OCCURS IN THE HEART/ CHANNELS, AND IF YOU BEND MECHANICAL IT'S GOING TO FIRE.
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WHAT IS THE ROLE OF CALCIUM (CA2+) IN A CHOLINERGIC SYNAPSE?
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ASSENO-CHOLINE; RELEASED BY SYNAPTIC KNOB.
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WHICH NEUROTRANSMITTER (NT) IS RELEASED IN AN ADRENERGIC SYNAPSE?
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EPI,NOREPI---->80% E, 20% NE.
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WHAT EFFECT(S) MIGHT RESULT FROM DAMAGE TO EPENDYMAL CELLS?
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TROUBLE REGULATING CSF.
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WHAT FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE(S)PROVIDES LONGITUDINAL SUPPORT FOR THE SPINAL CORD?
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FILIUM TERMINALLIE
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TO WHICH VERTEBRAL LEVEL DOES THE ADULT S.C EXTEND?
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L2-END OF S.C
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TO WHICH VERTEBRAL LEVEL DOES THE INFANT S.C EXTEND?
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S5.
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IN WHICH PART OF THE MENINGES ARE SERVICE BLOOD VESSELS OF THE SPINAL CORD FOUND?
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MOST CONCENTRATED IN PIA MATER.
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WHERE ARE THE CERVICAL, BRACHIAL AND LUMBOSACRAL PLEXI FOUND?
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NECK, SHOULDER, AND MIDBACK.
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ANACERVICALIS
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GOES AROUND LARYNX, AND HELPS SWALLOWING AND SPEAKING.
*SOMETIMES AFFECTED BY STROKE* |
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PHRENIC NERVE
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BEGINS IN NECK.'FRANTIC' RUNS THROUGHOUT BODY. (AUTONOMIC)
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BRACHIAL PLEXUS
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*LATERAL-MUSCULOCUTANEOUS N., MEDIAN N.
*MEDIAL-ULNAR NERVE *POSTERIOR-AXILLARY NERVE., RADIAL NERVE. ^^CORDS^^ |
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LUMBO/SACRAL PLEXUS
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LUMBAR PLEXUS
*GENITOFEMORAL NERVE-CLOSE TO GENITALS. *LATERAL FEMORAL CUTANEOUS NERVE-THIGH. *FEMORAL NERVE. SACRAL PLEXUS *SCIATIC NERVE-GIANT MAJOR. *PUDENDAL NERVE-ORGASM. |
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NAME 5 STEPS INVOLVED IN A REFLEX ARC.
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STIMULUS->RECEPTOR->
CNS->EFFECTOR->EFFECT. |
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STRETCH REFLEX
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STRETCH MUSCLE TOO MUCH; CONTRACTION.
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RECIPROCAL INHIBITION
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ONE MUSCLE GROUP EXCITED, ONE INHIBITED.
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GOLGI TENDON REFLEX
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PROTECTS TENDONS FROM OVERSTRETCHING.
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CROSSED-EXTENSOR REFLEX
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CONTROLATERAL SIDE. (OPP.) ONE LEG FLEXING, OTHER EXTENDING.
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FLEXOR (WITHDRAWAL) REFLEX
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WITHDRAWAL, PULLING BACK.
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE DENTICULATE LIGAMENTS?
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PREVENT LATERAL MOVEMENT.
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE ASCENDING SPINAL TRACTS?
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HEADING UP SENSORY.
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WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE NUCLEAR BAG OF AN INTRAFUSAL FIBER IS STRETCHED?
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INCREASED IN NUMBER ACTION POTENTIALS BECOME FASTER.
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SYNAPTIC DELAY
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TIME IT TAKES FOR NEUROTRANSMITTER TO RELEASE CROSS SYNAPSE AND BIND TO RECEPTOR OF POST.
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WHICH ANATOMICAL FEATURE IS FORMED BY ...
-THE WALLS OF THE DIENCEPHALON -THE FLOORS OF THE DIENCEPHALON |
*THALAMUS
*HYPOTHALAMUS |
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WHAT IS THE PRIMARY FUNCTION OF THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA?
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BASIC LIFE SUPPORT, HEART RATE, BLOOD PRESSURE, RESPIRATORY RATE, DIGESTION.
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IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF HYPOTHALAMUS
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APPETITE.THIRST,BODY TEMP, ENDOCRINE,AND ANS.
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HOW DO THE LATERAL VENTRICLES COMMUNICATE WITH THE 3RD VENTRICLE?
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INTERVENTRICULAR FORAMEN.
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WHERE IS THE 4TH VENTRICLE LOCATED?
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MEDULLA
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FALX CEREBRI
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DORAL FOLD OF DURA MATER.
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FALX CEREBELLI
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FOLD IN BACK.
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TENTORTIUM CEREBELLI
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SEPERATES CEREBELLUM FROM CEREBRUM.
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CHOROID PLEXUS
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GROUP OF BLOOD VESSELS PRODUCING SPINAL FLUID.
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FUNCTiONS OF CSF
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BOUYANCY,SHOCK ABSORP, DISTRIBUTION: NUTIRIENTS, GASES, WASTES, HORMONES.
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LONGITUDINAL FISSURE
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SEPERATES HEMPISHERES. RUNS DOWN MIDDLE OF SKULL AND SPLITS BRAIN IN HALF.
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LATERAL SULCUS
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SEPERATES UP ALONG SIDE.
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POSTCENTRAL GYRUS
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PRIMARY SENSORY CORTEX
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PRECENTRAL GYRUS
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PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX
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CENTRAL SULCUS
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SEPERATES POST AND SUPERIOR GYRUS.
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PARIETO-OCCIPITAL SULCUS
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BACK OF BRAIN.
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INSULA
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TONGUE/BAND OF CORTEX THAT'S DEEP AND MEDIAL.
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TEMPORAL LOBE
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HEARING,TASTE,AND SENSE OF SMELL.(2)ONE ON BOTH SIDES.
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OCCIPITAL LOBE
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VISION. (1) WRAPS AROUND BACK OF HEAD.
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FRONTAL LOBE
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MOTOR. (1) FRONT OF BRAIN.
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PARIETAL LOBE
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SENSORY. (2) MIDDLE SECTION.
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PREFRONTAL CORTEX
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ABSTRACT THINKING. HAS TO TO WITH INTELLIGENCE, SPACE, AND TIME. VERY FRONT OF BRAIN.
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LIMBIC SYS
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BEHAVIORAL DRIVES. THIRST, HUNGER, SEX, VIOLENCE.
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HIPPOCAMPUS
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LIMBIC SYS,LEARNING,STORAGE RETRIEVAL. FOUND WITHIN CORTEX OF DENTATE GYRUS.
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AMYGDALA
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EMOTIONS. SENSORY/MEMORY STORAGE.
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IN WHICH BRAIN REGION IS THE PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX LOCATED?
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FRONTAL
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WHERE IN THE BRAIN DO ABSTRACT INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONS OCCUR?
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PREFRONTAL
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WHAT TYPE OF NEURAL TISSUE COMPOSES THE CORPUS CALLOSUM?
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COMOCHERIAL FIBERS
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CEREBELLAR HEMPISPHERES ARE SEPERATED BY A BAND OF CORTEX CALLED THE
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VERMIS
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WHAT IS THE WHITE MATTER IN THE CEREBELLUM CALLED?
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ABAR VITAE
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HOW MANY PAIRS OF CRANIAL NERVES ARE THERE?
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DOZEN (12)
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WHICH CRANIAL NERVE IS ATTACHED DIRECTLY TO THE CEREBRUM?
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OLFACTORY (SENSE OF SMELL)
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WHICH CRANIAL NERVE IS ESSENTIAL TO LIFE?
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VAGUS
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FORMED FROM EMBRYONIC VESICLES: MESENCEPHALON
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MES
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FORMED FROM EMBRYONIC VESICLES: TELECEPHALON
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CEREBAL
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FORMED FROM EMBRYONIC VESICLES: DIENCEPHALON
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THALAMUS, HYPO, EPI
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FORMED FROM EMBRYONIC VESICLES: METENCEPHALON
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PONS, CEREBELIUM
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FORMED FROM EMBRYONIC VESICLES: MYELENCEPHALON
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MEDULLA
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WHERE ARE THE TRACTS THAT CONNECT THE CEREBELLUM TO THE BRAINSTEAM?
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PONS
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WHAT CAUSES PARKINSON'S DISEASE?
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DECREASE DOPEAMINE; DAMAGE
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE INTERVENTRICULAR FORAMEN?
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LATERAL TO 3RD VENTRICLE. (LEFT)
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WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE BRANCHES OF THE TRIGEMINAL NERVE?
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MANDIBULAR, MAXILLARY, OPITHALAMIC. SENSORY AND MOTOR.
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WHICH SPINAL TRACT CARRIES CRUDE TOUCH AND PRESSURE INFO TO THE BRAIN?
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SPINAL THALAMIC.
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1ST ORDER NEURONS
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PNS->CNS (S.C) BRING MESSAGE IN.
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2ND ORDER NEURONS
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S.C-> THALAMUS. BRINGS UP TO RELAY CENTER.
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3RD ORDER NEURONS
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THALAMUS-> CORTEX. THALAMUS TO CEREBRIAL CORTEX.
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APPROX. WHAT % OF SENSORY INFO ACTUALLY REACHES THE CEREBRUM?
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1%
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WHAT SINGLE FACTOR WILL DETERMINE SIZE OF THE MOTOR CORTEX DEVOTED TO A PARTICULAR REGION OF THE BODY?
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NUMBER OF MOTOR UNITS.
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WHAT FACTOR WILL DETERMINE SENSORY SIZE CORTEX?
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NUMBER OF RECEPTORS
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ALPHA WAVES
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RESTING ADULTS, CLOSED EYES.
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BETA WAVES
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CONCENTRATION OR SENSORY STIMULATION.
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THETA WAVES
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FRUSTRATION, SEVERE.
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DELTA WAVES
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SLOW, TUMORS, VASCULAR PROBLEMS, STROKE.
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WHICH AREA OF THE BRAIN IS ESSENTIAL FOR MEMORY CONSOLIDATION?
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HYPOCAMPUS, EMIAGALA.
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VIOLENT MOOD SWINGS, AND A VORACIOUS APPETITDE MIGHT INDICATE A PROBLEM IN WHICH BRAIN REGION?
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LYMPIC SYS. (GENERALLY) HYPOTHALAMUS.
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