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138 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM?
HOMEOSTASIS, COMMUNICATION, AND SPECIALIZED FOR THE RAPID TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS FROM CELL TO CELL.
WHICH PORTION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM PROVIDES VOLUNTARY CONTROL TO SKELETAL MUSCLES?
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.
AFFERENT NERVE FIBER?
CARRYING SENSORY SIGNALS FROM RECEPTORS "TO" THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
EFFERENT NERVE FIBER?
CARRYING MOTOR SIGNALS "AWAY" FROM THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TO EFFECTORS.
MOTOR NEURONS?
TRANSMITS SIGNALS FROM CNS TO ANY EFFECTOR.AXON IS AN EFFERENT NERVE FIBER.LEADS TO MUSCLES CELLS.
SOMATIC NEURONS?
SKELETAL MUSCLES; VOLUNTARY.
AUTONOMIC NEURONS?
INTERNAL GLANDS; INVOLUNTARY.
SATELLITE CELLS?
LOCATED AROUND THE SOMA. SURROUND THE NEURON CELL BODIES IN GANGLIA OF THE PNS.
MICROGLIA?
JANITORS. PHAGOCYTES-CLEAN CELL DEBRE.
OLIGODENDROCYTE?
MYELINATORS. FORM MYELIN IN BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD.
EPENDYMAL CELLS?
REGULATES (SECRETES AND CIRCULATES) CEREBRIAL SPINAL FLUID. LINE CAVITIES OF BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD.
ASTROCYTES?
VERY LARGE IN CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. FORM SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORK IN CNS.STAR SHAPED. LIMITED REPAIR. BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER. FORM SCAR TISSUE.
SCHWANN CELLS?
CREATE MYELIN. AID IN REGENERATION OF DAMAGED NERVE FIBERS.
MYELIN?
LAYER OF LIPID.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)?
CONSISTS OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD, WHICH ARE ENCLOSED AND PROTECTED BY THE CRANIUM AND VERTEBRAL COLUMN.
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)?
CONSISTS OF ALL THE NERVOUS SYSTEM EXCEPT THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD. (HAS NERVES + GANGLIA).
COLLATERALS?
BRANCHES OF AXONS THAT REACH OUT AND COMMUNICATE.
TELODENDRIA?
"END" DENDRITES. (TOUCH DENDRITES).
HILLOCK?
PART OF TRIGGER ZONE.
SYNAPTIC KNOB?
THE SWOLLEN TIPS OF THE DISTAL BRANCHES OF AN AXON;
TRIGGER ZONE?
A AXON HILLOCK.
INITIAL SEGMENT?
THE SHORT SECTION OF NERVE FIBER BETWEEN THE AXON HILLOCK AND THE FIRST GLIAL CELL.
SYNAPSE?
SPACE BETWEEN SYNAPTIC KNOB AND EFFECTOR.
RETROGRADE FLOW?
BACKWARDS AXOPLASMIC TRANSPORT.
ANTEGRADE FLOW?
FORWARD AXOPLASMIC TRANSPORT.
AXOPLASMIC FLOW?
MOVING THINGS THROUGH AXON OF CYTOPLASM.
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)?
EVERY 8 HOURS IT IS REPLACED(150ML). LIQUID THAT FILLS THE VENTRICLES OF THE BRAIN, THE CENTRAL CANAL OF THE SPINAL CORD, AND THE SPACE BETWEEN THE CNS AND DURA MATER.
INTEROCEPTORS?
MONITOR INTERNAL ENVIROMENT.
EXTEROCEPTORS?
MONITOR EXTERIOR ENVIROMENT.
PROPRIOCEPTORS?
POSITION OF BONES AND MUSCLES.
DENDRITES?
PROCESSES OF NEURON THAT RECEIVE INFO FROM OTHER CELLS OR FROM ENVIROMENTAL STIMULI AND CONDUCT SIGNALS TO THE SOMA.
SOMA?
BODY OR CELL BODY.
MULTIPOLAR NEURONS?
HAVE ONE AXON AND MULITPLE DENDRITES. MOST COMMON IN BODY.
BIPOLAR NEURONS?
TWO BRANCHES. HAVE ONE AXON AND ONE DENDRITE.
UNIPOLAR NEURONS?
ONE BRANCH PROCESS LEADING FROM SOMA.CARRY SENSORY SIGNALS TO THE S.C
ANAXONIC NEURONS?
NO AXON. COMMUNICATE THRU MULITPLE DENDRITES. DO NOT PRODUCE ACTION POTENTIALS.
DEPOLARIZATION?
SODIUM RUSHING IN. MEMBRANE VOLTAGE SHIFTS TO A LESS NEGATIVE VALUE.
REPOLARIZATION?
SODIUM PUMPED OUT. SHIFTS VOLTAGE BACK INTO NEGATIVE NUMBERS.
HYPERPOLARIZATION?
DIP. MAKE THE MEMBRANE MORE NEGATIVE.
INTERNEURONS?
LIE W/IN CNS. PROCESS, STORE, AND RECIEVE INFO.
NERVE TRACTS?
GROUPS OF SIMILAR AXONS.
DORSAL ROOT?
SENSORY; SPINAL CORD.
GANGLIA?
CNS CLUSTERS OF NUCLEAR BODIES.
DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA?
SENSORY UNIPOLAR CELL BODIES. CONTAIN SOMAS OF AFFERENT NEURONS.
VENTRAL ROOT?
MOTOR (EFFERENT). THE BRANCH OF A SPINAL NERVE THAT EMERGES FROM THE ANTERIOR SIDE OF THE SPINAL CORD.
GRAY HORNS?
ANATOMY OF SPINAL CORD; CELL BODIES.
ANTERIOR MEDIAN FISSURE? (AMF)
LARGER CRACK.
POSTERIOR MEDIAN SULCUS? (PMS)
SMALLER CRACK.
WHITE SPINAL COLUMNS?
WHITE MATTER, MYELINATED AXONS, AWAY;GANGLIA.
GRAY RAMUS COMMUNICANTES?
ANS TO GANGLIA.
WHITE RAMUS COMMUNICANTES?
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM TO GANGLIA.
DORSAL RAMUS?
BACK. (NERVE DIVIDED.)
VENTRAL RAMUS?
LIMBS. (NERVE DIVIDED.)
DERMATOME? (SKIN CELL)
SECTION OF SKIN MONITORED BY SENSORY NEURON.
HOW DOES THE RABIES VIRUS TRAVEL TO THE CNS?
RETROGRADE FLOW.
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE NA-K ATP-ASE PUMP IN A TYPICAL NEURON AT REST?
3 SODIUMS FROM INSIDE AND PUMPS OUT. 3 POTASSIUM FROM OUTSIDE PUMPS IN.
WHERE ARE THE VOLTAGE-REGULATED CHANNELS FOUND IN A NEURON?
AXON MEMBRANE (AXOLEMMA).
DESCRIBE THE "ALL OR NONE" PRINCIPLE.
THERE'S EITHER AN ACTION POTENTIAL OR NOT.
WHAT IS SALTATORY AP PROPAGATION?
JUMPING, MYELIN.
WHAT FACTORS DETERMINE THE TIME IT TAKES FOR A NERVE IMPULSE TO BE PROGATED ALONG AN AXON?
MYELINATED AXON, DIAMETER, AND LENGTH OF AXONS.
WHAT ARE CHEMICAL, ELECTRICAL, AND MECHANICAL SYNAPSES?
MOST SYNAPSES ARE CHEMICAL, ELECTRICAL OCCURS IN THE HEART/ CHANNELS, AND IF YOU BEND MECHANICAL IT'S GOING TO FIRE.
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF CALCIUM (CA2+) IN A CHOLINERGIC SYNAPSE?
ASSENO-CHOLINE; RELEASED BY SYNAPTIC KNOB.
WHICH NEUROTRANSMITTER (NT) IS RELEASED IN AN ADRENERGIC SYNAPSE?
EPI,NOREPI---->80% E, 20% NE.
WHAT EFFECT(S) MIGHT RESULT FROM DAMAGE TO EPENDYMAL CELLS?
TROUBLE REGULATING CSF.
WHAT FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE(S)PROVIDES LONGITUDINAL SUPPORT FOR THE SPINAL CORD?
FILIUM TERMINALLIE
TO WHICH VERTEBRAL LEVEL DOES THE ADULT S.C EXTEND?
L2-END OF S.C
TO WHICH VERTEBRAL LEVEL DOES THE INFANT S.C EXTEND?
S5.
IN WHICH PART OF THE MENINGES ARE SERVICE BLOOD VESSELS OF THE SPINAL CORD FOUND?
MOST CONCENTRATED IN PIA MATER.
WHERE ARE THE CERVICAL, BRACHIAL AND LUMBOSACRAL PLEXI FOUND?
NECK, SHOULDER, AND MIDBACK.
ANACERVICALIS
GOES AROUND LARYNX, AND HELPS SWALLOWING AND SPEAKING.
*SOMETIMES AFFECTED BY STROKE*
PHRENIC NERVE
BEGINS IN NECK.'FRANTIC' RUNS THROUGHOUT BODY. (AUTONOMIC)
BRACHIAL PLEXUS
*LATERAL-MUSCULOCUTANEOUS N., MEDIAN N.

*MEDIAL-ULNAR NERVE

*POSTERIOR-AXILLARY NERVE., RADIAL NERVE.

^^CORDS^^
LUMBO/SACRAL PLEXUS
LUMBAR PLEXUS
*GENITOFEMORAL NERVE-CLOSE TO GENITALS.
*LATERAL FEMORAL CUTANEOUS NERVE-THIGH.
*FEMORAL NERVE.

SACRAL PLEXUS
*SCIATIC NERVE-GIANT MAJOR.
*PUDENDAL NERVE-ORGASM.
NAME 5 STEPS INVOLVED IN A REFLEX ARC.
STIMULUS->RECEPTOR->
CNS->EFFECTOR->EFFECT.
STRETCH REFLEX
STRETCH MUSCLE TOO MUCH; CONTRACTION.
RECIPROCAL INHIBITION
ONE MUSCLE GROUP EXCITED, ONE INHIBITED.
GOLGI TENDON REFLEX
PROTECTS TENDONS FROM OVERSTRETCHING.
CROSSED-EXTENSOR REFLEX
CONTROLATERAL SIDE. (OPP.) ONE LEG FLEXING, OTHER EXTENDING.
FLEXOR (WITHDRAWAL) REFLEX
WITHDRAWAL, PULLING BACK.
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE DENTICULATE LIGAMENTS?
PREVENT LATERAL MOVEMENT.
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE ASCENDING SPINAL TRACTS?
HEADING UP SENSORY.
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE NUCLEAR BAG OF AN INTRAFUSAL FIBER IS STRETCHED?
INCREASED IN NUMBER ACTION POTENTIALS BECOME FASTER.
SYNAPTIC DELAY
TIME IT TAKES FOR NEUROTRANSMITTER TO RELEASE CROSS SYNAPSE AND BIND TO RECEPTOR OF POST.
WHICH ANATOMICAL FEATURE IS FORMED BY ...
-THE WALLS OF THE DIENCEPHALON
-THE FLOORS OF THE DIENCEPHALON
*THALAMUS

*HYPOTHALAMUS
WHAT IS THE PRIMARY FUNCTION OF THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA?
BASIC LIFE SUPPORT, HEART RATE, BLOOD PRESSURE, RESPIRATORY RATE, DIGESTION.
IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF HYPOTHALAMUS
APPETITE.THIRST,BODY TEMP, ENDOCRINE,AND ANS.
HOW DO THE LATERAL VENTRICLES COMMUNICATE WITH THE 3RD VENTRICLE?
INTERVENTRICULAR FORAMEN.
WHERE IS THE 4TH VENTRICLE LOCATED?
MEDULLA
FALX CEREBRI
DORAL FOLD OF DURA MATER.
FALX CEREBELLI
FOLD IN BACK.
TENTORTIUM CEREBELLI
SEPERATES CEREBELLUM FROM CEREBRUM.
CHOROID PLEXUS
GROUP OF BLOOD VESSELS PRODUCING SPINAL FLUID.
FUNCTiONS OF CSF
BOUYANCY,SHOCK ABSORP, DISTRIBUTION: NUTIRIENTS, GASES, WASTES, HORMONES.
LONGITUDINAL FISSURE
SEPERATES HEMPISHERES. RUNS DOWN MIDDLE OF SKULL AND SPLITS BRAIN IN HALF.
LATERAL SULCUS
SEPERATES UP ALONG SIDE.
POSTCENTRAL GYRUS
PRIMARY SENSORY CORTEX
PRECENTRAL GYRUS
PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX
CENTRAL SULCUS
SEPERATES POST AND SUPERIOR GYRUS.
PARIETO-OCCIPITAL SULCUS
BACK OF BRAIN.
INSULA
TONGUE/BAND OF CORTEX THAT'S DEEP AND MEDIAL.
TEMPORAL LOBE
HEARING,TASTE,AND SENSE OF SMELL.(2)ONE ON BOTH SIDES.
OCCIPITAL LOBE
VISION. (1) WRAPS AROUND BACK OF HEAD.
FRONTAL LOBE
MOTOR. (1) FRONT OF BRAIN.
PARIETAL LOBE
SENSORY. (2) MIDDLE SECTION.
PREFRONTAL CORTEX
ABSTRACT THINKING. HAS TO TO WITH INTELLIGENCE, SPACE, AND TIME. VERY FRONT OF BRAIN.
LIMBIC SYS
BEHAVIORAL DRIVES. THIRST, HUNGER, SEX, VIOLENCE.
HIPPOCAMPUS
LIMBIC SYS,LEARNING,STORAGE RETRIEVAL. FOUND WITHIN CORTEX OF DENTATE GYRUS.
AMYGDALA
EMOTIONS. SENSORY/MEMORY STORAGE.
IN WHICH BRAIN REGION IS THE PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX LOCATED?
FRONTAL
WHERE IN THE BRAIN DO ABSTRACT INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONS OCCUR?
PREFRONTAL
WHAT TYPE OF NEURAL TISSUE COMPOSES THE CORPUS CALLOSUM?
COMOCHERIAL FIBERS
CEREBELLAR HEMPISPHERES ARE SEPERATED BY A BAND OF CORTEX CALLED THE
VERMIS
WHAT IS THE WHITE MATTER IN THE CEREBELLUM CALLED?
ABAR VITAE
HOW MANY PAIRS OF CRANIAL NERVES ARE THERE?
DOZEN (12)
WHICH CRANIAL NERVE IS ATTACHED DIRECTLY TO THE CEREBRUM?
OLFACTORY (SENSE OF SMELL)
WHICH CRANIAL NERVE IS ESSENTIAL TO LIFE?
VAGUS
FORMED FROM EMBRYONIC VESICLES: MESENCEPHALON
MES
FORMED FROM EMBRYONIC VESICLES: TELECEPHALON
CEREBAL
FORMED FROM EMBRYONIC VESICLES: DIENCEPHALON
THALAMUS, HYPO, EPI
FORMED FROM EMBRYONIC VESICLES: METENCEPHALON
PONS, CEREBELIUM
FORMED FROM EMBRYONIC VESICLES: MYELENCEPHALON
MEDULLA
WHERE ARE THE TRACTS THAT CONNECT THE CEREBELLUM TO THE BRAINSTEAM?
PONS
WHAT CAUSES PARKINSON'S DISEASE?
DECREASE DOPEAMINE; DAMAGE
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE INTERVENTRICULAR FORAMEN?
LATERAL TO 3RD VENTRICLE. (LEFT)
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE BRANCHES OF THE TRIGEMINAL NERVE?
MANDIBULAR, MAXILLARY, OPITHALAMIC. SENSORY AND MOTOR.
WHICH SPINAL TRACT CARRIES CRUDE TOUCH AND PRESSURE INFO TO THE BRAIN?
SPINAL THALAMIC.
1ST ORDER NEURONS
PNS->CNS (S.C) BRING MESSAGE IN.
2ND ORDER NEURONS
S.C-> THALAMUS. BRINGS UP TO RELAY CENTER.
3RD ORDER NEURONS
THALAMUS-> CORTEX. THALAMUS TO CEREBRIAL CORTEX.
APPROX. WHAT % OF SENSORY INFO ACTUALLY REACHES THE CEREBRUM?
1%
WHAT SINGLE FACTOR WILL DETERMINE SIZE OF THE MOTOR CORTEX DEVOTED TO A PARTICULAR REGION OF THE BODY?
NUMBER OF MOTOR UNITS.
WHAT FACTOR WILL DETERMINE SENSORY SIZE CORTEX?
NUMBER OF RECEPTORS
ALPHA WAVES
RESTING ADULTS, CLOSED EYES.
BETA WAVES
CONCENTRATION OR SENSORY STIMULATION.
THETA WAVES
FRUSTRATION, SEVERE.
DELTA WAVES
SLOW, TUMORS, VASCULAR PROBLEMS, STROKE.
WHICH AREA OF THE BRAIN IS ESSENTIAL FOR MEMORY CONSOLIDATION?
HYPOCAMPUS, EMIAGALA.
VIOLENT MOOD SWINGS, AND A VORACIOUS APPETITDE MIGHT INDICATE A PROBLEM IN WHICH BRAIN REGION?
LYMPIC SYS. (GENERALLY) HYPOTHALAMUS.