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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which neural cell type has the following functions:
1. physical support 2. K+ metabolism 3. removal of excess neurotransmitter 4. Maintains BBB 5. Gliosis in response to injury |
Astrocyte (GFAP +)
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Microglia are what kind of functional cell? In an HIV infection, how do they react?
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Macrophage of the CNS.
In HIV, just like other macrophages, they fuse to become multinucleated giant cells. |
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What neural cell myelinates CNS axons and is predominantly found in WHITE matter?
What disease destroys them? |
Oligodendroglia, which are destroyed in Multiple Sclerosis
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What neural cell myelinates PNS axons and promotes axonal regeneration?
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Schwann cells
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Schwann cells are destroyed in what disease? What tumor is derived from them?
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Guillain-Barre syndrome.
Acoustic neuroma (a schwannoma; internal acoustic meatus location, CNVIII risk) |
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CNS neurons, ependymal cells, oligodendroglia, astrocytes: what is their origin?
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Neuroectoderm
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Schwann cells and PNS neurons: what is their origin?
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Neural crest
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Microglia and Macrophages: what is their origin?
*hint: starts w/M |
Mesoderm
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What conditions are due to an increase in norepinephrine? Decreases?
Where is NE synthesized? |
Anxiety and mania increases, Depression decreases
Synthesized in: Locus ceruleus (stress and panic); Reticular formation and Solitary Tract |
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What conditions due to an increase in dopamine? Decreases?
Where is dopamine synthesized? |
Increase: Schizophrenia
Decreased: Parkinson's, depression Synthesized: Ventral tegmentum and SNc |
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What conditions are due to a decrease in 5-HT (serotonin)?
Where is 5-HT synthesized? |
Decrease: anxiety, depression
Synthesized: Raphe nucleus |
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What conditions due to a decrease in Ach?
Where is Ach synthesized? |
Decrease: Alzheimer's, Huntington's, REM sleep
Synthesized: Basal nucleus of Meynert |
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What conditions are due to a decrease in GABA?
Where is GABA synthesized? |
Decrease: anxiety, Huntington's
Synthesized: Nucleus accumbens |
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Which hypothalmic nucleus is responsible for cooling and Parasympathetic?
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Anterior hypothalamus
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Which hypothalmic nucleus is responsible for heating and Sympathetic?
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Posterior hypothalamus
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Which hypothalamic nucleus produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to regulate water balance? Destruction of lesion of this nucleus will result in what?
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Supraopti nucleus.
Neurogenic Diabetes Insipidus |
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What hypothalamic nucleus is considered the "master clock" for circadian rhythms?
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Suprachiasmatic nucleus
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The Lateral area/nucleus of the Hypothalamus is responsible for ? and a lesion would result in ?
Inhibited by...? |
Hunger
Lesion: anorexia, FTT "Shrink Laterally" Leptin |
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The Ventromedial area/nucleus of the Hypothalamus is responsible for ? and destruction/lesion would cause ?
Stimulated by...? |
Satiety
Lesion: hyperphagia (leading to obesity) "Lesioning VM nucleus makes you grow Ventrally and Medially" Leptin |
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The Limbic System is responsible for primitive behaviors. What are they?
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The Famous Five F's: Feeding, Fleeing, Fighting, Feeling, Fucking (sex)
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Parkinson's is due to a loss of ?
Excessive activity of ? is also associated with it. |
Dopaminergic neurons, leading to a decrease in dopamine.
There is also excessive cholinergic activity |
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What drugs can be used for tx of Parkinson's?
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"BALSA"
Bromocriptine (pramipexole, ropinirole): dopamine-R agonists Amantadine: increase dopamine L(levo)-dopa/carbidopa: increase dopamine Selegiline (MAO type B Inhibitor): prevent breakdown of dopamine Benztropine (antimuscarinic to reduce tremor and rigidity; "Park your Benz"): curb excessive cholinergic activity |
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What are the C's of Huntington's Disease?
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Chorea
Crazy (dementia) CAG repeat disorder Caudate degeneration |
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What two molecules are lost in Huntington's Disease?
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Ach and GABA
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What do you give for Huntington's Disease?
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A dopamine block such as Haloperidol
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When you lesion bilateral Amygdala, what condition results?
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome: hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior
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Someone who is dis-inhibited, can't concentrate, has problems with orientation and judgment likely has a lesion in what brain lobe?
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Frontal Lobe
*may have primitive reflexes |
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Lesion to the Right Parietal Lobe (under assumption that right side is the non-dominant) results in what?
Left Parietal Lobe? |
Spatial Neglect Syndrome: agnosia (ability to recognize) of the contralateral side of the world
i.e. woman only puts makeup on one side of her face i.e. person doesn't recognize their own arm Left Parietal: Gerstman Syndrome (agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, left-right disorientation) |
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Lesion to the mammillary bodies (bilateral) results in what?
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Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
*Wernicke: confusion, opthalmoplegia, ataxia *Korsakoff: memory loss, confabulation, personality changes |
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Lesion of what causes anterograde amnesia (can't make new memories)?
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Hippocampus
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Very rapid correction of HYPOnatremia commonly causes what disorder characterized by acute paralysis, dysarthria, dysphagia, diplopia, and loss of consciousness?
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Central Pontine Myelinolysis (IRREVERSIBLE)
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Post-thyroidectomy, your patient is hoarse. What did you nick?
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Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
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Aphasia ?: nonfluent (because you can't talk) but can comprehend others
Where is the lesion? |
Broca's (Broca's Broken Boca).
Inferior Frontal Gyrus. |
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Aphasia ?: fluent (you can talk) but you have no idea what other's are saying.
Where is the lesion? |
Wernicke's (Wernicke's is Wordy but makes no sense)
Superior Temporal Gyrus |
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Aphasia?: Having both Broca's and Wernicke's Aphasia
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Global Aphasia
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Conduction aphasia is characterized by what?
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Can't repeat: "No its, ands, or buts"
Comprehension is intact, but can't make connection with it and thus what they say is gibberish. |
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What is the order of incidence (Most common to least) of adult brain tumors?
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MGM Studios
Metastsis GBM (grade IV astrocytoma) Meningioma Schwannoma |
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What are the 3 most common primary brain tumors in children?
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Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Medulloblastoma Ependymoma |
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Psuedopalisading necrosis. Which primary brain tumor?
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GBM
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Polycythemia.
A/w von Hipple-Lindau syndrome. Foamy cells, high vascularity. Which primary brain tumor? |
Hemangioblastoma
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Neurofibromatosis II. Which primary brain tumor?
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Schwannoma
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Amenorrhea, anovulation, galactorrhea.
Which primary brain tumor? |
Pituitary adenoma (prolactinoma)
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Psammoma bodies. Which primary brain tumor?
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Meningioma
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Fried-egg appearance. Which primary brain tumor?
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Oligodendroglioma
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Perivascular psuedorosettes. Which primary brain tumor?
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Ependymoma
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Bitemporal hemianpoia. Which primary brain tumor?
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Pituitary adenoma, Craniopharyngioma
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Child with hydrocephalus. Which primary brain tumor?
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Medulloblastoma, Ependymoma
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Homer-Wright rosettes. Which primary brain tumor?
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Medulloblastoma
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