Neurology Fa Step 1 2009

Front 1

Where do CNS neurons, ependymal cells (inner lining of ventricles, make CSF), oligodendroglia, astrocytes originate?

Back 1

Neuroectoderm

Front 2

Where do PNS neurons and Schwann cells originate?

Back 2

Neurons

Front 3

Where do Microglia (like macrophages) originate?

Back 3

Mesoderm

Front 4

What is a microglia?

Back 4

CNS phagocyte

Front 5

What is a liver phagocyte called?

Back 5

Kupffer cells

Front 6

What does HIV-infected microglia fuse to form?

Back 6

Multinucleated giant cell

Front 7

How many CNS axons does oligodendroglia myelinate?

Back 7

multiple (upto 30)

Front 8

What cells are destroyed in multiple sclerosis?

Back 8

oligodendroglia

Front 9

What do oligondendroglia look like on H&E staining?

Back 9

like fried eggs

Front 10

What is the predominant type of glial cell in white matter?

Back 10

oligodendroglia

Front 11

How many PNS axon does Schwann cell myelinate?

Back 11

only one (1)

Front 12

What cells are destroyed in Guillain- Barre syndrome?

Back 12

Schwann cells

Front 13

What type of Schwannoma is located in the internal acoustic meatus (CN VIII)?

Back 13

Acoustic neuroma

Front 14

Where are free nerve endings found and what are their functions?

Back 14

All skin, epidermis, some viscera; for pain and temperature.

Front 15

Where are Meissner's corpuscles found and what are their functions?

Back 15

In glabrous (hairless) skin; for dynamic fine touch (e.g. manipulation), adapt quickly

Front 16

Where are Pacinian corpuscles found and what are their functions?

Back 16

In deep skin layers, ligaments and joints; for vibration and pressure

Front 17

Where are Merkel's disks found and what are their functions?

Back 17

Hair follicles; for static touch (e.g. shapes, edges, textures), adapt slowly

Front 18

Where is norepinephrine synthesized?

Back 18

Locus ceruleus

Front 19

What changes of norepinephrine is seen in anxiety, depression and mania?

Back 19

increased in anxiety, decreased in depression, increased in mania

Front 20

Where is dopamine synthesized?

Back 20

Ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra

Front 21

What dopamine changes are seen in Schizophrenia and Parkinsons?

Back 21

increased in Schizophrenia and decreased in Parkinson's

Front 22

Where is 5-HT synthesized?

Back 22

Raphe nucleus

Front 23

What 5-HT changes are seen in anxiety and depression?

Back 23

decreased in anxiety and depression

Front 24

Where is ACh synthesized?

Back 24

Basal nucleus of Meynert

Front 25

What ACh changes are seen in Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases?

Back 25

decrease

Front 26

What are the major functions of the hypothalamus?

Back 26

Thirst and water balance, Adenohypohysis, control, Neurohypophysis releases hormones from hypothalamus, Hunger control, Autonomic regulation, Temperature regulation, Sexual urges (TAN HATS)

Front 27

What part of the hypothalamus makes ADH and oxytocin?

Back 27

ADH - supraoptic nucleus
Oxytocin - paraventricular nucleus

Front 28

What hypothalamic area is stimulated when a person is hungry?

Back 28

Lateral hypothalamic nucleus

Front 29

Functions of Leptin

Back 29

inhibits the lateral nucleus and stimulates the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus

Front 30

What is caused by the destruction of the lateral hypothalamic area?

Back 30

Anorexia

Front 31

What is caused by the destruction of paraventricular nucleus?

Back 31

Diabetes insipidus

Front 32

Where is the satiety center of humans located?

Back 32

Ventromedial area of the hypothalamus

Front 33

What is caused by the destruction of ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus?

Back 33

Hyperphagia

Front 34

Functions of anterior hypothalamus

Back 34

excitatory effect on PNS and regulates and maintains body temperature.

Front 35

Functions of posterior hypothalamus

Back 35

excitatory effect on Sympathetic nervous system and helps to produce and conserve heat

Front 36

What is caused by the destruction of post. hypothalamus?

Back 36

inability to thermoregulate (poikilotherm - cold blooded, like a snake)

Front 37

What controls our sexual urges?

Back 37

septal nucleus

Front 38

What controls our circadian rhythm

Back 38

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Front 39

Functions of anterior hypothalamus

Back 39

excitatory effect on PNS and regulates and maintains body temperature.

Front 40

Functions of posterior hypothalamus

Back 40

excitatory effect on Sympathetic nervous system and helps to produce and conserve heat

Front 41

What is caused by the destruction of post. hypothalamus?

Back 41

inability to thermoregulate (poikilotherm - cold blooded, like a snake)

Front 42

What controls our sexual urges?

Back 42

septal nucleus

Front 43

What controls our circadian rhythm

Back 43

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Front 44

Functions of the post. pituitary (neurohypophysis)

Back 44

Receives hypothalamic axonal projections from supraoptic (ADH) and paraventricular (oxytocin) nuclei

Front 45

Function of lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

Back 45

Visual (receives retinal input through the optic tract and projects to the primary visual cortex - Brodman's area 17)

Front 46

Function of medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

Back 46

Auditory (receives input thorugh the brachium of the inf. colliculus and projects to the primary auditory cortex - Brodman's area 41 and 42)

Front 47

Function of ventral post. nucleus, lateral part (VPL)

Back 47

body sensation (proprioception, pressure, pain, touch, vibration via dorsal columns, spinothalamic tract)

Front 48

Function of ventral post. nucleus, medial part (VPM)

Back 48

facial sensation (via CN V)

Front 49

Function of ventral anterior/lateral nuclei (VA/VL)

Back 49

motor

Front 50

Blood supply of the thalamus

Back 50

1. Post. communicating artery
2. Post. cerebral artery
3. Ant. choroidal arteries

Front 51

Parts included in the Limbic system

Back 51

1. Cingulate gyrus
2. Hippocampus
3. Fornix
4. Mammillary bodies

Front 52

Functions of the Limbic system

Back 52

1. Feeding (The famous 5 F's)
2. Fleeing
3. Fighting
4. Feeling
5. Sex

Front 53

Causes of SIADH

Back 53

lung tumors and drug therapy (carabamezepine, chlorpromazine)

Front 54

Cause and symptoms of Kluver-Bucy syndrome

Back 54

bilateral ablation of ant. temporal lobes, including the amygdaloid nulei; psychic blindness (visual agnosia), hyperphagia, docility (placidity) and hypersexuality

Front 55

Cause and symptoms of Wernicke's encephalopathy

Back 55

vit. B1 (thiamine) deficiency; ocular disturbances, nystagmus, gait ataxia and mental dysfunction

Front 56

Functions of lateral cerebellum

Back 56

voluntary movements of extremities

Front 57

Functions of medial cerebellum

Back 57

balance, truncal coordination

Front 58

What are the deep nuclei of the cerebellum? (from lateral to medial)

Back 58

Dentate, Embliform, Globose, Fastigial (Don't Eat Greasy Foods)

Front 59

What are the 4 dopaminergic pathways?

Back 59

Mesocortical pathway, Mesolimbic pathway, Nigrostriatal pathway, Tuberofinfundibular pathway

Front 60

What is a mesocortical pathway and what is the result of blocking this?

Back 60

Ventral tegmentum of midbrain to cortex; increase in negative sx of psychosis (i.e. social withdrawal and depression)

Front 61

What is a mesolimbic pathway and what is the result of blocking this?

Back 61

Ventral tegmentum of midbrain to limbic system; relief of psychosis

Front 62

What is a nigrostriatal pathway and what is the result of blocking this?

Back 62

Substantia nigra (pars compacta) to striatum (caudate + putamen); Parkinson's symptoms (stimulation would result in EPS side effects)

Front 63

What is a tuberoinfundibular pathway and what is the result of blocking this?

Back 63

Arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus to pitutary (to inhibit prolactin secretion); increase in release of prolactin from pituitary which results to amenorrhea, gynecomastia and galactorrhea)

Front 64

Dermatomal distribution (Dd) of C2

Back 64

posterior half of a skull cap

Front 65

Dermatomal distribution of C3

Back 65

high turtle nelck shirt

Front 66

Dd of T4

Back 66

at the nipple

Front 67

Dd of T10

Back 67

at the umbilicus

Front 68

Dd of L1

Back 68

Inguinal ligament

Front 69

Dd of L4

Back 69

includes the kneecaps

Front 70

Dd of S2, S3, S4

Back 70

erection and sensation of penile and anal zones

Front 71

Where are the cranial nerve nuclei found?

Back 71

Located in the tegmentum portion of brain stem

Front 72

CN nuclei of CN III and IV

Back 72

Midbrain

Front 73

CN nuclei of CN V, VI, VII, VIII

Back 73

Pons

Front 74

CN nuclei of CN IX, X, XI,XII

Back 74

Medulla

Front 75

Identify the CN lesion - tongue deviates toward side of lesion

Back 75

CN XII lesion (LMN)

Front 76

Identify the CN lesion - jaw deviates toward side of lesion

Back 76

CN V motor lesion

Front 77

Identify the CN lesion - uvula deviates away from side of lesion

Back 77

CN X

Front 78

Identify the CN lesion - weakness turning the head to contralateral side of lesion. Shoulder droop on side of lesion

Back 78

CN XI

Front 79

In right optic nerve damage (afferent defect), what happens to the eyes when light is shone on the right eye? light shone on the left eye?

Back 79

no constriction on both eyes; constriction on both eyes.

Front 80

In right oculomotor nerve damage (efferent defect), what happens to the eyes when light is shone on the right eye? on the left eye?

Back 80

no constriction on the right eye, constriction on the left eye; same reaction when light is shone on the left eye.

Front 81

What eye abnormality is seen on MS and internuclear ophthalmoplegia?

Back 81

medial rectus palsy on attempted lateral gaze, nystagmus in abducting eye, convergence is normal.

Front 82

What is the Charcot's triad of multiple sclerosis?

Back 82

Scanning speech, Intention tremor (Incontinence, Internuclear ophthalmology), Nystagmus. SIN

Front 83

What are the usual components of the usual "dementia" workup?

Back 83

RPR, vit. B12 levels, TSH levels, MRI, CT-scan (cranial), test for HIV