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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Neural development |
Notochord - induces overlying ectoderm to diff into neuroectoderm - form neural plate NP - gives rise to neural tube and neural crest cells Notochord becomes nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc in adults |
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Forebrain |
Prosencephalon Divides to form telencephalon and diencephalon |
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Midbrain |
Mesencephalon |
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Hindbrain |
Rhombencephalon Divides into metencephalon and myelencephalon |
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Telencephalon |
Cerebral hemispheres Lateral ventricles |
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Diencephalon |
Thalamus Third ventricle |
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Mesencephalon |
Midbrain Aqueduct |
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Metencephalon |
Pons Cerebellum Upper part of 4th ventricle |
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Myelencephalon |
Medulla Lower part of 4th ventricle |
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Neuroectoderm |
CNS neurons Ependymal cells - inner lining of ventricles, makes CSF Oligodendroglia Astrocytes |
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Neural crest |
PNS neurons Schwann cells |
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Mesoderm |
Microglia |
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Neural tube defects |
Neuropores fail to fuse in 4th week Persistent connection between amniotic cavity and spinal canal A/W low folic acid Elevated AFP in amniotic fluid and maternal serum Increased AChE in amniotic fluid - confirmatory test - fetal AChE in CSF crosses defect into amniotic fluid |
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Spina bifida occulta |
Failure of bony spinal canal to close No structural herniation Lower vertebral levels Dura intact Tuft of hair or skin dimple at level of defect |
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Meningocele |
Meninges only herniate through spinal canal defect Normal AFP |
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Meningomyelocele |
Meninges and spinal cord herniate through defect |
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Anencephaly |
Malformation of neural tube No forebrain Open calvarium Frog like appearance Increased AFP, polyhydramnios, A/W maternal DM1 Risk decreased by folic acid |
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Holoprosencephaly |
Failure of L and R hemispheres to separate Weeks 5/6 Related to mutations in sonic hedgehog signalling pathway Moderate = cleft lip/palate Severe = cyclopia |
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Chiari 2 |
= Arnold Chiari malformation Herniation of cerebellar tonsils and vermis through foramen magnum + aqueductal stenosis, hydrocephalus PC - lumbosacral myelomeningocele, paralysis below the defect |
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Dandy Walker |
Agenesis of cerebellar vermis Cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle - fills enlarged posterior fossa A/W spina bifida and hydrocephalus |
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Syringomyelia |
Syrinx = cystic cavity - within spinal cord Within central canal = hydromyelia Crossing ant spinal fissures damages first -> Cape like bilateral loss of pain and temp sensation in upper extremities Fine touch sensation preserved C8-T1 most common A/W Chiari 1 malformation |
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Chiari 1 |
3-5mm+ cerebellar tonsillar ectopia Congenital Asymptomatic in childhood Headaches + cerebellar symptoms |
