Neurology Board Review - Anatomy

Front 1

Medial longitudinal fasiculus

Back 1

- Coordination of head and eye movement
- Vestibular nuclei to cervical gray matter motor neurons
- Ventral column

Front 2

Arnold Chiari I

Back 2

- Low lying cerebellar tonsils (>5mm)
- May have syrinx
- No meningomyelocele
- May treat surgically if symptomatic

Front 3

Arnold Chiari II

Back 3

- Low lying cerebellar tonsils
- Tectal beaking
- Kinking of the medulla
- 95% have meningomyelocele
- May need decompression or shunting

Front 4

Dandy-Walker

Back 4

- Cystic enlargement of the 4th ventricle
- Agenesis of the cerebellar vermis
- Hydrocephalus
- Cerebellar ataxia, motor delay
- May be shunted

Front 5

Mollaret's Triangle (anatomy)

Back 5

- Red nucleus to inferior olive via the central tegmental tract
- From inferior olive to *contralateral* cerebellar cortex via the inferior cerebellar peduncle
- Purkinje cells of cerebellar cortex to dentate nucleus
- Dentate nucleus to *contralateral* red nucleus

Front 6

Clark's column

Back 6

- C8-L3
- Gives rise to dorsal spinocerebellar tract
- Generally for legs

Front 7

Structures involved in upward gaze

Back 7

- Rostral interstitial MLF
- Interstitial nucleus of Cajal
- Posterior commissure

Front 8

Lacrimal gland innervated by...

Back 8

- Parasympathetic fibers from the ptertgopalatine ganglion
- In on CN7 via greater petrosal nerve to PPG, out via lacrimal branch of V1

Front 9

Speed of retrograde transport

Back 9

- 100 - 250 mm/day

Front 10

Pape's circuit

Back 10

Hippocampus -> fornix
Mammillary bodies -> mammillothalamic tract
Anterior thalamic nucleus ->genu of internal capsule
Cingulate gyrus ->cingulum
Parahippocampal gyrus -> entorhinal cortex, subiculum
Hippocampus

Front 11

Thalamic nuclei: Anterior nucleus

Back 11

- Memory formation
- In: mammillary bodies (mamillothalamic tract), hippocampus (fornix)
- Out: Cingulate gyrus

Front 12

Thalamic nuclei: Centromedial (laminar)

Back 12

- Consciousness, motor regulation
- In: Inhibitory from GP, motor cortex
- Out: Caudate and putamen, entire neocortex

Front 13

Thalamic nuclei: Dorsomedial

Back 13

- Emotional behavior, memory
- In: Amygdala (stria terminalis), prefrontal cortex
- Out: Hypothalamus, +cingulate and orbitofrontal cortices

Front 14

Thalamic nuclei: Ventroanterior (VA)

Back 14

- Facilitates movement
- In: Basal ganglia (thalamic and lenticular fasiculi)
- Out: Prefrontal cortex, premotor/supplementary motor cortices

Front 15

Thalamic nuclei: Ventrolateral (VL)

Back 15

- facilitates movement
- In: Basal ganglia as for VA and cerebellum (dentate nucleus)
- Out: Primary motor cortex, premotor/supplementary cortices
- Target for DBS in PD

Front 16

Thalamic nuclei: VPL

Back 16

- Somatosensory relay for body
- In: Anterolateral system and dorsal column/medial lemniscus system
- Out: Somatosensory cortices

Front 17

Thalamic nuclei: VPM

Back 17

- Somatosensory relay for face, taste
- In: ventral/dorsal trigeminothalamic tract, nucleus solitarius
- Out: Somatosensory cortices, taste cortex (area 43)

Front 18

Thalamic nuclei: Laterodorsal (LD)

Back 18

- Integrates sensory information and emotional behavior (limbic system)
- In: Mamillothalamic input
- Out: Cingulate cortex

Front 19

Thalamic nuclei: Intralaminar nuclei

Back 19

-
- In: Reticular formation, other thalamic nuclei (MD), spino and trigeminothalamic tracts
- Out: entire neocortex, MD nucleus

Front 20

Thalamic nuclei: Ventral Posteroinferior (VPI) nucleus

Back 20

- Vestibular sensory relay
- In: vestibulothalamic fibers from vestibular nuclei
- Out: vestibular areas of somesthetic cortex

Front 21

Thalamic nuclei: Lateral posterior (LP)

Back 21

- Integrates sensory information and emotional behavior
- In: Superior parietal cortex
- Out: Superior parietal cortex

Front 22

Thalamic nuclei: Pulvinar

Back 22

- Integration of visual, auditory, somesthetic input
- In: LGN, MGN, superior colliculus, Association cortices
- Out: Association cortices (occipital, parietal, posterior temporal lobes)

Front 23

Thalamic nuclei: Lateral geniculate

Back 23

- Visual relay nucleus
- In: Retinal input via optic tract
- Out: Primary visual cortex via optic radiations

Front 24

Thalamic nuclei: Medial geniculate

Back 24

- Auditory relay nucleus
- In: Brachium of inferior colliculus
- Out: primary auditory cortex via auditory radiations

Front 25

Thalamic nuclei: Reticular nuclei

Back 25

- Regulates flow of information from the thalamus to the cortex
- Part of the ascending reticular activating system
- Modulation of arousal and sleep
- Generation of brainwave activity
- reciprocal to all other thalamic nuclei
- Only thalamic nucleus with inhibitory output

Front 26

Hypothalamic nuclei: Lateral hypothalamic nucleus

Back 26

- Induces eating when stimulated
- Lesions cause anorexia and starvation

Front 27

Hypothalamic nuclei: Medical preoptic nucleus

Back 27

- Regulates release of gonadotropins from pituitary
- Sexually dimorphic

Front 28

Hypothalamic nuclei: Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Back 28

- Control of circadian rhythm

Front 29

Hypothalamic nuclei: Anterior nucleus

Back 29

- Temperature regulation
- Lesions cause hyperthermia

Front 30

Hypothalamic nuclei: Paraventricular nucleus

Back 30

- Regulates release of ADH, oxytocin, CRH
- Regulates water balance
- Lesions cause diabetes insipidus
- Origin of the supraopticohypophyseal tract

Front 31

Hypothalamic nuclei: Supraoptic nucleus

Back 31

- Synthesizes ADH and oxytocin

Front 32

Hypothalamic nuclei: Dorsomedial nucleus

Back 32

- When stimulated, produces rage in animals

Front 33

Hypothalamic nuclei: Ventromedial nucleus

Back 33

- Satiety center
- Stimulation inhibits the urge to eat
- Lesions cause obesity and hyperphagia

Front 34

Hypothalamic nuclei: Arcuate (infundibular nuclei)

Back 34

- Projects to the adenohypophysis and inhibits prolactin
- Origin of the tubero-hypophyseal tract

Front 35

Hypothalamic nuclei: Mamillary nuclei

Back 35

- Input from hippocampal foramation via fornix
- Input from dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei and raphe nuclei via mamillary peduncle
- Output to anterior nucleus of thalamus via mamillothalamic tract

Front 36

Hypothalamic nuclei: Posterior nucleus

Back 36

- Thermal regulation
- Lesions produce poikilothermia (inability to regulate body heat)

Front 37

Prosopagnosia

Back 37

- Fusiform gyrus

Front 38

Aura of smell

Back 38

- Uncus