Neurology Anatomy -Normal Brainstem

Front 1

In the brainstem, what is the artery that is more commonly affected by strokes?

Back 1

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

Front 2

Describe what the oculomotor nerve innervates

Back 2

1. extrinsic eye muscles: medial, superior and inferior rectus
2. inferior oblique
3. levator palebrae (also has SNS innervation)

PSNS fibres -> constrictor pupillae and ciliary muscles -> accommodation

Front 3

What does damage to the oculomotor nerve result in?

Back 3

Diplopia, ptosis and outward deviation of the eye.

Dilated pupil and decreased accommadation

Front 4

Describe what the trochlear nerve innervates

Back 4

Superior oblique muscle

Front 5

What does damage to the trochlear nerve result in?

Back 5

Upward deviation and diplopia

Front 6

Describe what the trigeminal nerve innervates

Back 6

1. General sensory to the face
2. Muscles of mastication
3. tensor tympani
4. tensor palati
5. digastric
6. opthalmic branch -> sensory to cornea

Front 7

What does damage to the trigeminal nerve result in ?

Back 7

Decrease sensitivity to the face, asymmetric chewing and wasting of jaw muscles with asymmetric chewing. Loss of corneal reflex

Front 8

Describe what the abducens nerve innervates

Back 8

Lateral rectus muscles

Front 9

What does damage to the abducens nerve result in?

Back 9

Inward deviation
Diplopia

Front 10

Describe what the facial nerve innervates

Back 10

1. Muscles of facial expression
2. Stapedius
3. Taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue
4. Lacrimal gland (PSNS supply)
5. Salivary glands

Front 11

What does damage to nVII result in?

Back 11

1. Paralysis of facial expression
- orbicularis oris + buccinator = dropping mouth and drooling
2. Loss of taste to the ant. 2/3 of tongue
3. Effect orbularis oculi -> unable to close eyes and loss of corneal reflex

Front 12

What does the nVIII innervate?

Back 12

1. Vestibular apparatus
2. Cochlear

Front 13

What does damage to nVIII result in?

Back 13

1. Deafness
2. Disequilibrium

Front 14

What does nIX innervate?

Back 14

1. Post. 1/3 of tongue
2. Sensation to palate
3. stylopharyngeal muscle

Front 15

What does damage to nIX result in?

Back 15

1. Pain spasms in posterior pharynx
2. Loss of taste in post. 1/3 of tongue

Front 16

What does nX innervate

Back 16

Carries PSNS fibres to and gets sensory information from: visera,
heart,
muscles of pharynx and larynx

supplies motor to pharynx and larynx

Front 17

What does damage to nX result in?

Back 17

1. Hoarseness
2. Poor swallowing
3. Loss of gag reflex

Front 18

What does nXI innervate?

Back 18

1. Trapezius
2. SCM

Front 19

What does damage to nXI result in?

Back 19

Wasting in neck with weak neck rotation

Can't shrug

Front 20

What does XII innervate?

Back 20

1. Intrinsic muscles of the tongue
2. Hypoglossus
3. Styloglossus
4. Genioglossus

Front 21

What does damage to nXII result in?

Back 21

1. Tongue deviation to the side of the lesion on protrusion
2. Wasting of tongue

Front 22

Name the embryological vesicle (from the 3 vesicle stage) in which the BS originates from

Back 22

Rhombencephalon

Front 23

True or false

BS contains nuclei that contributes to nIII-XII

Back 23

true

Front 24

What tract passes through both cerebral peduncles and pyramids?

Back 24

Corticospinal tract (CsT)

Front 25

When does CsT become lateral CsT?

Back 25

Lower medulla = pyramidal decussation

Front 26

What is the function of the olivary nuclei?

Back 26

supplies motor control information to the cerebellum

role in the coordination of movement

Front 27

What is the position of the olives in relation to the cerebellar peduncles?

Back 27

Inferior

Front 28

What does the terms "open medulla" and "closed medulla" refer to?

Back 28

Closed medulla: sections of the brainstem taken below the level of the rhomboid fossa

Open medulla: Sections of the brainstem that cut through the lower end of the rhomboid fossa

Front 29

What tract does the red nucleus receive and where do the tracts proceed from there?

Back 29

Fibres from the cerebellum -> superior cerebellar peduncle -> midbrain -> red nucleus -> Thalamus

Fibres about motor coordination from the cerebellum to thalamus

Front 30

What synapses with the Gracile and Cunate nuclei?

Back 30

Dorsal column tract (sensory)

Front 31

What is the medial lemniscus?

Back 31

the DCT after it has synapsed with the gracile and cunate nuclei and have crossed the midline.

Carries sensory information from the SC -> thalamus -> cerebral cortex

Front 32

What fibres do the inferior cerebellar peduncles carry?

Back 32

ScT -position and balance

Front 33

Describe the pontine nuclei
1) main input
2) axons/tracts that originate from it
3) location

Back 33

location: in the pons, scattered amongst bundles of corticofugal axons that make up LPT ( at this level

main input: CsT

Tracts: Longitudinal pontine tract (mainly corticospinal axons) and pontocerebellar axons

Front 34

True or false

The ponto cerebellar axons decussate before MCP

Back 34

True

Front 35

What tract makes up the pryamids?

Back 35

LPT (mostly corticospinal)

Front 36

In the pons where is the tegmentum

Back 36

dorsal to pontocerebellar axons

Front 37

Is the ML still apparent at the level of the pons?

Back 37

Yes

Front 38

At what level does the auditory decussation happen?

Back 38

Pons

Front 39

Where would you find substantia nigra pars compacta and reticulata? and which is more medial?

Back 39

Caudal midbrain

Pars compacta

Front 40

1) What are the main arteries?
2) What are they branches off?
3) Through what structure do they enter the skull?
4) When they unite, what do they form?

Back 40

1) vertebral arteries
2) subclavian artery
3) foramen magnum
4) join at caudal boarder of pons -> basilar artery

Front 41

What are the branches of the basilar artery?

Back 41

1) AICA
2) SCA
3) 2 PCA

Front 42

What is the PICA a branch of?

Back 42

vertebral artery

Front 43

What does the PICA supply?

Back 43

(medulla)

lateral medulla (dorsolateral to olive + ICP)

ventral surface of cerebellum

Front 44

What is the medial BS medulla supplied by?

Back 44

small branches of the vertebral artery

Front 45

What is the pons supplied by?

Back 45

AICA and SCA

(Boys Still Pose in AIS = basilar artery supplies pons (by) anterior inferior and superior arteries)

Front 46

What is the midbrain and cerebral peduncles suppled by?

Back 46

2 PCA

Front 47

Which vertebral artery is usually smaller and whys that important?

Back 47

Right < Left usually

= most of the vertebral flow is through the left artery

Front 48

name the arteries

Front 49

name the arteries

Front 50

name the arteries

Back 50

Front 51

name the blood supply to these areas

Front 52

name the blood supply to these areas

Front 53

name the blood supply to these areas