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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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CNS neurons origin?
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neuroectoderm
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schwann cells embryological origin?
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neural crest cells
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Neuroepileptic drugs and dopamine
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block mesolimbic and nigrostriatal pathway. the receptors start to yearn for dopamine and upregulate dopamine receptors.
dyskinesia, acute dystonia |
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oligodendroglia embryological origin?
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neuroectoderm
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microglia embryological origin?
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mesoderm
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ependymal cells origin?
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neuroectoderm
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PNS neurons embryological origins?
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neural crest cells
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Neurons
a) when do neurons divide? b) describe neurons c) what is the RER called? where is it found? |
a) they are permanent cells, do not divide in adulthood
b) large cells with prominent nucleoli c) Nissl Substance. found in dendrites (not axons) |
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Wallerian Degeneration
a) what is it b) what happens distally c) what happens proximally |
axon injury.
distally: neuronal degeneration proximally: axonal reaction -cellular swelling, dispersal of Nissl Substance |
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Astrocytes
a) function b) marker |
a) physical support, repair, K+ metabolism, remove excess NT, maintenance of blood brain barrier, reactive gliosis in response to injury
b) GFAP (glial fibrillary acid protein) |
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Microglia
a) function b) origin c) is nissl stain a good stain to use to see these? d) describe e) HIV? |
a) CNS phagocytes/ scavenger
b) mesodermal c) no, not readily discernible d) small irregular nuclei + little cytoplasm e) HIV infected microglia fuse to form multinucleated giant cells in CNS |
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Oligodendroglia
a) one oligodendroglia myelinates how many neurons? b) describe in Nissl Stain and H&E stain c) predominant type of glial cell in? d) destroyed in what disease? |
a) 30 axons
b) nissl stain: small nuclei, dark chromatin, little cytoplasm . H&E: fried eggs c) white matter d) multiple sclerosis |
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Schwann Cells
a) one schwann cells myelinates how many PNS axons? b) promotes? c) derived from? d) whats saltatory conduction? e) whats at nodes of Ranvier? f) these cells are destroyed in what disease? |
a) 1 PNS axon (each axon has many schwann cells)
b) axonal regeneration c) neural crest cells d) high conduction velocity between nodes of Ranvier e) high concentration of Na channels f) Guillain-Barre syndrome |
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what is an acoustic neuroma and where is it typically located?
what is a bilateral acoustic neuroma associated with? |
type of schwannoma. typically located in internal acoustic meatus (CN VIII)
neurofibromatosis type II |
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in what conditions would you see a cell with a fried egg appearance?
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-oligodendrocytes on H&E stain
-HPV koilocytes -testicular seminoma "perinuclear cytoplasmic clearing" |
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when would you see a bilateral acoustic schwannoma?
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Neurofibromatosis type II
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Norepinephrine
a) where is it synthesized? function? b) an increase in NE results in? c) a decrease in NE results in? d) whats effect of amphetamines , cocaine |
a) Locus Ceuleus (stress and panic), Reticular Formation, Solitary Tract , adrenal medulla
b) anxiety c) depression d) increase NE release |
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Serotonin
a) location of synthesis? b) decrease in serotonin causes? |
a) Raphe Nucleus
b) anxiety, depression |
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ACh
a) synthesized in? b) the location of synthesis is degenerated in what disease? c) ACh is decreased also in what disease? d) ACh is increased in what disease? e) increase? |
a) Basal nucleus of Meynert
b) Alzheimer's c) Huntingtons d) Parkinsons disease e) REM sleep |
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GABA
a) synthesized in? (function of that area?) b) decreased in? c) precursor to GABA? |
a) Nucleus Accumbens (+ septal nucleus) = reward center, pleasure, addiction, fear )
b) anxiety, Huntington's c) glutamate. vit B6 = cofactor |
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Reticular Activating System
a) includes? b) mediates? |
a) Reticular Formation, Locus Ceruleus, Raphe Nuclei
b) mediates consciousness, attentiveness, alertness |
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glycine
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inhibatory NT of spinal cord
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glutamine
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excitatory neurotransmitter of CNS
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mesocortical pathway
a) from b) to c) effect of blocking? |
a) ventral tegmental area of midbrain
b) cortex c) increase in negative symptoms of psychosis (social wd, depression) |
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mesolimbic pathway
a) from b) to c) effect of blockage d) increase pathway? |
a) ventral tegmental area of midbrain
b) limbic system c) relief of psychosis d) psychosis, delusions, hallucinations |
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nigrostriatal pathway
a) from b) to c) effect of blockage |
a) substantia Nigra (pars compacta)
b) striatum (caudate + putamen) c) Parkinson's Symptoms |
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Tuberoinfundibular pathway
a) from b) to c) effect of blockage |
a) arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus
b) pituitary c) increase prolactin release from pituitary --> hypogonadism : amenorrhea, decrease libido, gynocomastia, galactorhea |
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Locus Ceruleus
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NE; stress and panic
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Nucleus Accumbens + Septal Nucleus
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reward center, pleasure, addiction, fear
nucleus accumbens: GABA |
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what 3 structures make up the blood brain barrier
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1) tight junctions between nonfenestrated capillary endothelial cells
2) basement membrane 3) astrocyte process |
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what crosses the blood brain barrier slowly, and how?
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glucose and amino acids using carrier mediated transport
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how do nonpolar/lipid-soluble substances cross the blood brain barrier?
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rapidly via diffusion
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exception in blood brain barrier?
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-have fenestrated capillaries and no blood brain barrier.
molecules in blood affect brain function -Area Postrema: vomit after chemo -OVLT: osmotic sensing neurosecretory products to enter circulation (neurohypophysis - ADH release) |
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what happens to blood brain barrier if there is an infarction or neoplasm?
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destroys endothelial cell tight junctions --> vasogenic edema
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hypothalamic inputs and outputs do what do the BBB?
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permeate
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Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
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Circadian Rhythm
"need sleep to be charismatic" |
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Posterior Hypothalamus
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heating, SNS
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Anterior Hypothalamus
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cooling, PSNS
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Ventromedial Area
a) function b) what if destroyed? c) what could destroy it? d) stimulated by? |
a) Satiety
b) destruction: hyperphagia c) cause of destruction: craniopharyngioma d) stimulated by leptin |
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Laterial Area
a) function b) destruction results in? c) inhibited by? |
a) hunger
b) anorexia, failure to thrive (infants) c) leptin |
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what hypothalamic nuclei makes ADH?
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supraoptic nuclei
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what hypothalamic nuclei makes Oxytocin?
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paraventricular nuclei
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Neurohypophysis
a)receives projections from? b) what do those nuclei make? |
a) hypothalamic axonal projections from supraoptic (ADH) and paraventricular (oxytocin) nuclei
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pineal gland
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melatonin secretion, circadian rhythms
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superior colliculi
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conjugate vertical gaze center
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inferior colliculi
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auditory
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Parinaud Syndrome
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paralysis of conjugate vertical gaze due to lesion in superior colliculi (e.g, Pinealoma)
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Cranial Nerve 1
a) name b) function c) unique feature d) type |
a) olfactory nerve
b) smell c) only CN without thalamic relay to cortex d) sensory |
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Cranial Nerve 2
a) name b) function c) type |
a) optic
b) sight c) sensory |
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Cranial Nerve 3
a) name b) function c) type |
a) oculomotor
b) eye movement (SR, IR, MR, IO) pupillary constriction (E-W nucleus, muscarinic R), accomodation, eye lid opening (levator palpebrae) c) motor |
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Cranial Nerve 4
a) name b) function c) type |
a) trochlear nerve
b) superior oblique c) motor |
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Cranial Nerve 5
a) name b) function c) type |
a) Trigeminal
b) mastication, facial sensation (opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular divisions) c) both |
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Cranial Nerve 6
a) name b) function c) type |
a) abducens
b) Lateral Rectus c) motor |
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Cranial Nerve 7
a) name b) function (6) c) type d) parts? e) passes through what structure f) testing |
a) Facial
b) 1) facial movement 2) taste from ant 2/3 tongue 3) lacrimation 4) salivation (submandibular sublingual glands) 5) eyelid closing (orbicularis oculi) 6) stapedius muscle in ear c) both d) temporalis, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical e) parotid gland (CN 9 innervation) f) raise eye brows, shut eyes, mi mi mi |
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Cranial nerve 8
a) name b) function c) type |
a) vestibulocochlear
b) hearing, balance c) sensory |
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Cranial nerve 9
a) name b) function c) type |
a) glossopharyngeal
b) 1) taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue 2) swallowing 3) salivation (parotid gland) 4) monitoring carotid body and sinus chemo-and baroreceptors 5) stylopharyngeus (elevates pharynx, larynx) carotid motor: tongue c) both |
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Cranial nerve 10
a) name b) function c) type |
a) vagus nerve
b) 1) taste from epiglottic region 2) swallowing 3) palate elevation 4) midline uvula 5) talking 6) coughing 7) thoracoabdominal viscera 8) monitoring aortic arch chemo and baro receptors c) both |
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Cranial nerve 11
a) name b) function c) type |
a) Accessory
b) head turning, shoulder shrugging (SCM, trapezius) c) motor |
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Cranial Nerve 12
a) name b) function c) type |
a) hypoglossal
b) tongue movement c) motor |
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Cranial Nerve Nuclei
a) located in what portion of the brainstem? b) midbrain? c) pons? d) medulla? e) spinal cord? f) lateral nuclei g) medial nuclei h) whats in between alar and basal plates? |
a) tegmentum (between dorsal and ventral)
b) CN 3, CN 4 c) CN 5, CN 6, CN 7, CN 8 d) CN 9, 10, 12 e) CN 11 f) sensory (alar plate) g) motor (basal plate) h) sulcus limitans |
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when a patient has CN III damage, what is seen?
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1) eye looks down, out
2) ptosis 3) pupillary dilation 4) loss of accommodation |
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when a patient has CN IV damage, what is seen?
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eye drifts upwards causing vertical diplopia (problems reading newspaper or going down stairs)
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when a patient has CN VI damage, what is seen?
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medially directed eye
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what are the functions of the superior oblique muscle?
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abducts, intorts, and depresses while adducted (can climb stairs, read)
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Lacrimation Reflex
a) afferent b) efferent |
a) V1 (ophthalmic) - loss does not stop emotional tears
b) CN VII |
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Corneal Reflex
a) afferent b) efferent c) how to test? |
a) V1 ophthalmic (nasocillary branch)
b) VII (temporal branch: orbicularis oculi) c) cotton swab to cornea |
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Jaw Jerk Reflex
a) afferent b) efferent |
a) V3 (sensory- muscle spindle from masseter)
b) V3 (motor - masseter) pathological |
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Pupillary Reflex
a) afferent b) efferent |
a) CN II
b) CN III |
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Gag Reflex
a) afferent b) efferent |
a) CN IX
b) CN IX, X |
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where does the blood in the cavernous sinus drain from?
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eye and superficial cortex
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blood from eye and superficial cortex drains to?
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cavernous sinus and then internal jugular vein
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what structures pass through the cavernous sinus?
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CN III, IV, V1, V2 and postganglionic sympathetic fibers en route to the orbit, + cavernous portion of internal carotid artery
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what's seen in cavernous sinus syndrome?
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ophthalmoplegia, ophthalmic and maxillary sensory loss
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danger area of the face?
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drains to the cavernous sinus, infection can get in and cause damage to the structures passing through
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KLM sounds
a) mi mi mi b) la la la c) kuh kuh kuh |
a) cn 7
b) cn 12 c) cn 10 |
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UMN CN 7 lesion
a) seen when? b) sign? |
a) lesion of motor cortex or connection between cortex and facial nucleus
b) contralateral paralysis of lower face only (upper face receives bilateral innervation) |
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LMN CN 7 lesion , sign?
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ipsilateral paralysis of entire face (upper and lower)
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Bell's Palsy
a) what is it? b) signs seen? c) cause, recovery? d) complications in? |
a) complete destruction of the facial nucleus itself or its branchial efferent fibers (facial nerve proper)
b) peripheral ipsilateral facial paralysis with inability to close eye on involved side c) can occur idiopathically; gradual recovery d) complications in (LT-DASH) Lyme disease, Tumors, Diabetes, Aids, Sarcoidosis, Herpes Simplex |
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muscles of mastication
a) which close the jaw? b) which opens the jaw? c) innervated by? |
a) temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid
b) lateral pterygoid c) mandibular division |
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how do you test for each of the following muscles
a) MR b) LR c) SO d) IR e) IO f) SR |
a) look medially
b) look laterally c) look medially then down d) look laterally then down e) look medially then up f) look laterally then up |
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a vestibulocochlear lesion may result in?
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vertigo, nystagmus, nausea, vomit
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Reticular Activating System
a) function b) what if not working c) components |
a) alertness
b) coma c) Raphe Nucleus, Locus Ceruleus, Reticular formation , Ach |
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Nucleus Solitarius
a) what is it? b) transmits what? c) which cranial nerves involved? |
a) vagal nuclei
b) visceral sensory info (taste, baroreceptors, gut distension) ** essential in regulation of BP ** c) CN: 7, 9, 10 |
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Nucleus Ambiguus
a) transmits what? b) which CN's are involved? c) what happens if damage this nucleus |
a) motor innervation of pharynx, larynx, upper esophagus (swallowing, palate elevation)
b) CN 9, 10, 11 c) hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, loss of gag reflex |
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Dorsal Motor Nucleus
a) function |
sends autonomic (PSNS) fibers to heart, lungs, and upper GI
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what are the executors of the PSNS system?
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preoptic area, dorsal motor nucleus, vagus nerve
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Horner's Syndrome
a) 3 signs b) why ptosis? c) what is it? d) causes? |
a) ptosis, myosis, anhydrosis
b) superior tarsal muscle of levator palpebrae is innervated by SNS c) interruption to SNS innervation to face (lesion of spinal cord above T1) d) Pancoast Tumor, Brown-Sequard Syndrome (cord hemisection), Syringomyelia , clustor headache (no anhydrosis) |
