Neurology & Abdomen Review Exam 3

Front 1

Signs and Symptoms and Diagnostic Tests Used to Determine Cerebellum Dysfunction? (P.677)

Back 1

- 1. Balance Tests are Typically Used to Diagnose Cerebellar Function
- Gait (Observe Person Walking 20ft and Returning to Normal) Movements Smooth & Rhythmic
- Romberg Test – Person Must be Standing w/ Eyes Closed 20sec. Observe Balance & Posture.
- 2. Coordination & Skilled Movements
- Rapid Alternating Movements – Pat Knees with Both Hands Lift-Up Pat Knees Back of Hand
- Finger-To-Finger Test – Touch Your Finger Then Touch His/Her Nose
- Finger-To-Nose – Touch Nose with Eyes Closed
- Heel-To-Shin – In Supine, Place Heel on Opposite Knee

Front 2

Differentiate Between Vertigo and Dizziness? (P.669)

Back 2

- Syncope – Sudden Loss of Strength, a Temporary Loss of Consciousness Due To Lack of Cerebral Blood Flow.
- Vertigo – Rotational Spinning Caused by Neurological Dysfunction or Vestibular Apparatus

Front 3

Define an Aura? (P.670)

Back 3

- Subjective Sensation that Precedes a Seizure

Front 4

Part of CNS Functioning Evaluated When Level of Orientation is Assessed? (P.662)

Back 4

- Frontal Lobe – Personality, Behaviour, Emotion, & Intellectual Function.

Front 5

Define PERRLA. How is it Assessed? (P.314)

Back 5

- Pupils Equal Round React to Light & Accomodation
- Test Pupillary Light Reflex - Place Hand in Middle of Nose; Shine Flashlight Briefly Over Eyes; Shine Flash Light On One Side & Observe Simultaneous Contraction of Pupils.
- Accomodation – Place Finger Away From Midline of Nose; Move Finger Closer to Nose; Observe Convergence & Dilation of Pupils.

Front 6

Normal Findings When Grips are Assessed? (P.701)

Back 6

- Equalbilateral Gripping
- No Signs of Diffuse of Brain Damage on Frontal Lobe

Front 7

Purpose of Weber and Rinne Test? (P.352-353)

Back 7

- Weber – When a Person can Hear in One Ear Better than Other. Place Tuning Fork on Head
- Compares Air Conduction & Bone Conduction

Front 8

Differentiate Between Delirium and Dementia? (P.123)

Back 8

Delerium:
- Disturbance of Consciousness
- Changes in Cognition
- Develops Over a Short Period of Time

Dementia:
- Multiple Cognitive Defecits
- Cognitive Disturbances (Aphasia, Apraxia, Agnosia, Disturbance in Executive Function)

Front 9

Define Hemiparesis? (P.710)

Back 9

- Flaccid Paralysis of One Side of the Body

Front 10

Signs and Symptoms of Meningeal Irritation? (P.717)

Back 10

- Opisthotonos
- Prolonged Arching of the Back, with Head & Heels Bent Backwards

Front 11

Differentiate Between Screening Neurologic Exam, Complete Neurologic Exam and Neurologic Recheck. Give Examples of when each of these Exams would be Performed?
(P.672, 700)

Back 11

- Screening Neurologic Exam – Seemingly Well Persons Who Have No Subjective Findings.
- Complete Neurologic Exam - Persons with Concerns or Demonstrate Dysfunction.
- Neurologic Recheck – Used on Persons with Demonstrated Deficits Who Require Periodic Assessments.

Front 12

Describe Pupil Responses Noted in Increasing ICP? (P.702)

Back 12

- Pupils Become Dilated & Non-Reactive
- Brain Stem Puts Pressure on Cranial Nerve III.

Front 13

Describe Unilateral Neglect? (P.716??)

Back 13

- Loss of Sensation on Side Contralateral to Lesion

Front 14

Differentiate between Decorticate and Deceberate Posturing, which Indicates a Worsening Condition? (P.717)

Back 14

- Decorticate – Upper Extremities, Adduction of Arms; Hemispheric Lesion Cerebral Cortex.
- Decerbate – Arms Stiffly Extended; More Ominous; Lesion in Brain Stem at Midbrain

Front 15

Describe Astereognosis and Graphesthesia? (P.684, 685)

Back 15

- Astereognosis – Inability to Identify Objects Correctly; Occurs with Sensory Cortex Lesions.
- Graphesthesia – Inability to Recognize Number Traced on Skin; Measure of Sensory Loss.

Front 16

Describe Normal Finding for Each of the Reflexes? (P.686)

Back 16

- Right & Left Side Should be Compared & Found To Be Equal
- Graded on a Point Scale; 4+ is Brisk; 2+ is Average Normal; 0 No Response.

Front 17

Describe Examiner Techniques to Encourage Relaxation and Enhance a Reflex Response? (P.686)

Back 17

- Reinforcement – Isometric Exercise in Another Muscle Group

Front 18

Differentiate Between Hyperreflexia and Hyporeflexia and Give Examples of Etiologies? (P.686)

Back 18

- Hyperreflexia – Exaggerated Reflex; Monosynaptic Arc Released From Higher Corticle Levels
- Hyporeflexia – Absence of Reflex; Disruption of Sensory Afferents, Motor Efferents, Spinal Cord

Front 19

Describe Senile Tremors. What is the Effect of Alcohol? (P.711)

Back 19

- Intention Tremors
- Cerebellar Disease and Multiple Sclersis
- Improves with Sedatives and Alcohol; But it is NOT Recommended

Front 20

Describe Abnormal Findings for Each of the Cranial Nerves (Especially V and VII)? (P.708)

Back 20

- V. Trigeminal – Failure to Turn Eye Down or Out
- VII. Facial – Absent or Asymmetric Facial Movement
- Too Many To List, Refer to Page 708

Front 21

Describe Hyperalgesia, Hyperesthesia and Peripheral Neuropathy and the Diagnostic Tests to Assess? (P.682-683)

Back 21

- Hyperalgesia – Increased Pain Sensation
- Hyperesthesia – Decreased Touch Sensation

- Peripheral Neuropathy – Worse at Feet and Improves as You Move Up Leg

Front 22

Common Questions Asked to Assess Orientation? (P.109)

Back 22

- Time: Day, Week, Year or Season
- Place: Where Person Lives Address, City, or State
- Person: Name, Age, Occupation

Front 23

Explain the Purpose of the Glasgow Coma Scale and the Score that Indicates a Coma? (P.703)

Back 23

- Standardized Objective Assessment that Defines LOC by Giving Numeric Value
- Three Areas Eye Opening, Verbal Expression, Motor Response
- Fully Alert is 15; 7 or Less Is Coma
- Assess Functional State of Brain

Front 24

What are the Two Parts of the Nervous System? (P.662)

Back 24

- Central Nervous System – Brain & Spinal Cord
- Peripheral Nervous System – 12 Cranial Nerves; 31 Spinal Nerves

Front 25

What is a Dermatome? (P.668)

Back 25

- Circumscribed Area Supplied by a Spinal Nerve

Front 26

What is Accomodation? (P.302)

Back 26

- Adaptation of Eye for Near Vision
- Convergence of Axis of Eyeballs & Pupillary Constriction

Front 27

What is Consensual Response? (P.302)

Back 27

- When One Eye is Exposed to Light, Both Pupils Constrict

Front 28

What is Fasiculation? (P.710)

Back 28

- Continuous Twitching of Resting Muscle
- Lower Motor Neuron Disease
- Atropy, Cold Expose, Fatigue
- NOT a Significant Condition

Front 29

What is Paresis? (P.670)

Back 29

- Partial or Incomplete Paralysis

Front 30

What is Paresthesis? (P.670)

Back 30

- Abnormal Sensation
- Burning or Tingling

Front 31

What is Ptosis? (P.673)

Back 31

- Drooping Occurs with Myasthenia Gravis
- Dysfunction of Cranial Nerve III

Front 32

What is Nystagymus? (P.673)

Back 32

- Back & Forth Oscillation of Eyes
- Disease of Cerebellum, Brain, or Vestibular System

Front 33

What is Tic? (P.710)

Back 33

- Repetitive Twitching of Muscle Groups at Inappropriate Times

Front 34

What is Hemiplegia? (P.710)

Back 34

- Paralysis to One Side of the Body (Left/Right)

Front 35

Describe Decorticate Rigidity? (P.717)

Back 35

Describe Decorticate Rigidity? (P.717)

Front 36

What is Flaccidity? (P.708)

Back 36

- Hypotonia or Decreased Muscle Tone
- Lower Motor Neuron Injury
- Peripheral Neuritis, Poliomylelitis, Guillain-Barre

Front 37

What is Spasticity? (P.709)

Back 37

- Increased Muscle Tone
- Injury to Corticospinal Tract; Paralysis
- Cerebrovascular Accident (Chronic Stage)

Front 38

What is a Positive Romberg? (P.678)

Back 38

- Loss of Balance Upon Closing Eyes
- Cerebellar Ataxia (Multiple Sclerosis, Alcohol)

Front 39

What is Clonus? (P.690)

Back 39

- Repeated Reflex Muscular Movements
- Upper Motor Neuron Disease

Front 40

What is a Babinski Sign? (P.695)

Back 40

- Stroking of Fingers Across Foot Causes Fanning of Toes
- Usually Disappers by 24 Months
- In Adults, Sign of Pyramidal Tract Disease

Front 41

What is the Cushing Reflex? (P.703)

Back 41

- Shows Signs of Increased Intercranial Pressure
- Could Also Be Pulse Pressure or Blood Pressure

Front 42

What is Proprioception? (P.664)

Back 42

- Without Looking
- A Person is Aware of the Location of Each Body Parts

Front 43

What is the Reflex Arc? (P.666)

Back 43

- Basic Defenses of Nervous System
- Involuntary and Operate Below Level of Conscious Control

Front 44

Describe the Autonomic Nervous System? (P.668)

Back 44

- Overall Function is to Maintain Homeostasis
- Peripheral Nervous System Made of Somatic & Autonomic Nervous System
- Autonomic Innervates Smooth Muscle; Somatic Innervates Skeletal Muscle

Front 45

What is a TIA? (P.404 Patho)

Back 45

- Mild Stroke
- Platelets Clump Causing Intermittent Blockage of Circulation
- Causes Neurologic Defecits to Clear in 24 Hours

Front 46

What are the Signs/Symptoms of Meningeal Irritation? (P.716)

Back 46

- Opisthotonos Posturing – Arching of Back; Head & Heel Bent Backwards
- Kernig – Pain Raising Leg or Thigh on Abdomen
- Brudezinsi – Pain Flexing of Chin

Front 47

Define Dysarthria Expressive and Receptive Aphasia? (P.108, 662)

Back 47

- Dysarthria – Distorted Speech; Misuse of Words
- Receptive Aphasia – Hears Sounds, but have No Meaning