Neurology

Front 1

CNS

Back 1

central nervous system

Front 2

CSF

Back 2

cerebrospinal fluid

Front 3

CVA

Back 3

Cerebrovascular accident

Front 4

EEG

Back 4

electroencephalogram, electroencephalography

Front 5

LP

Back 5

lumbar puncture

Front 6

SCI

Back 6

spinal cord injury

Front 7

TIA

Back 7

transient ischemic attack

Front 8

Cerebrum

Back 8

The largest and most obvious part of the brain

it is divided into lobes and each lobe has the same name as the cranial bone that is above it

Frontal

Parietal

Temporal

Occipital

Front 9

Frontal Lobe

Back 9

-Originates conscious thought and intelligence

-Predicts future events and the benefits or consequences of actions

-Exerts conscious, voluntary control over the skeletal muscles; motor cortex

-Coordinates the muscles of the mouth,lips,tongue,pharynx,and larynx; this is done in the speech center, which is only in the left frontal lobe

-Analyzes sensory info about taste. This comes from taste receptors in the tongue and throat and is analyzed by the gustatory cortex of the frontal lobe

Front 10

Motor Cortex

Back 10

voluntary control over the skeletal muscles

found in the frontal lobe

Front 11

Speech center

Back 11

located in the left frontal lobe

Front 12

gustatory cortex

Back 12

found in the frontal lobe

Front 13

Parietal Lobe

Back 13

-Analyzes sensory information about touch, temperature, vibrations, and pain

-this is analyzed by the somatosensory cortex

Front 14

Temporal Lobe

Back 14

-Analyzes sensory information about hearing

-this is analyzed by the auditory cortex

-Analyzes sensory information about smells

-this information comes from olfactory receptors in the nose and is analyzed by the olfactory cortex

Front 15

Somatosensory Cortex

Back 15

analyzes sensory information about touch, temperature, vibration, and pain in the parietal lobe

Front 16

Auditory cortex

Back 16

Analyzes sensory information about hearing in the temporal lobe

Front 17

Olfactory cortex

Back 17

Analyzes sensory information about smells in the temporal lobe

Front 18

Occipital Lobe

Back 18

-Analyzes sensory information about vision

-the information comes from receptors in the retina of the eye and is analyzed by the visual cortex

Front 19

Corpus callosum

Back 19

- the only thing that connects the left and right hemisphere of the cerebrum

-it allows the two hemispheres to communicate with each other and coordinate their activities

Front 20

Right hemisphere

Back 20

-recognizes faces, patterns, and three-dimensional structures

-analyzes the emotional content of words but not the actual words

Front 21

Left hemisphere

Back 21

-performs mathematical and logical reasoning and problem solving and coordinates the recall of memories

-it contains the speech center and is important in language skills

Front 22

Visual Cortex

Back 22

-the right occipital lobe analyzes sensory information from some parts of both eyes

-the left occipital lobe analyzes sensory information from the other parts of both eyes, and this gives three-dimensional vision

Front 23

Thalmus

Back 23

-located near the center of the cerebrum

-its two lobes form the walls of the third ventricle

-acts as a relay station, receiving sensory information from the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves

-it sends this information to 2 places

Front 24

where does the Thalmus send the information it collects

Back 24

1) midbrain

-it generates motor commands if the sensory information suggest an immediate danger

2) cerebrum

-analyzes sensory information and compares it with memories and uses it to plan future action

Front 25

hypothalamus

Back 25

-located below the thalamus

-forms the floor and part of the 3rd wall of the ventricle

-has a stock of blood vessels and nerves that connects it to the pituitary gland

Front 26

Ventricles

Back 26

- 4 interconnected cavities within the brain

-ependymal cells line the ventricles and produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Front 27

cerebrospinal fluid (CFS)

Back 27

- a clear fluid that cushions and protects the brain

-contains glucose and other nutrients

-flows through the ventricles into the spinal cavity, then back towards the brain, and through the subarachnoid space in the meninges where it is absorbed into the blood of the large veins

Front 28

pons

Back 28

-middle part of the brainstem

-it relays nerve impulses from the spinal cord to the midbrain, hypothalamus, thalamus, and cerebrum

Front 29

Medulla oblongata

Back 29

-connects the pons to the spinal cord

-the most inferior part of the brain

Front 30

cerebelum

Back 30

-the separate rounded sections of the brain

that lies inferior and posterior to the cerebrum

-receives sensory info about muscle tone and position of the body

-helps maintain balance

-receives info from the cerebrum about motor commands and coordinates those movements

Front 31

meninges

Back 31

-surrounds the brain

-3 separate membrane layers

-dura mater, archnoid, subarachnoid, and pia mater

Front 32

dura mater

(meninges)

Back 32

-outermost membrane beneath the bony cranium

-tough fibrous layer that protects the brain

Front 33

arachnoid

(meninges)

Back 33

the second layer

Front 34

subarachnoid space

Back 34

-below the arachnoid

-filled with cerebrospinal fluid

-contains branching fibers that connect the arachnoid to the pia mater beneath

Front 35

pia mater

(meninges)

Back 35

-thin, delicate membrane next to the brain

-contains a spider like network of blood vessels

Front 36

spinal cord

Back 36

-the superior end joins the medula oblongata of the brain

- the inferior end becomes a group of nerve roots known as the caudad equina

Front 37

epidural space

Back 37

-an area that is unique to the spinal cord

-the space is filled with fatty tissue and blood vessels

Front 38

cranial nerves

Back 38

-part of the peripheral nervous system

-12 pairs of nerves

-each pair consists of a nerve to the left side and right side of the body

-some nerves receive sensory info from the body

-some send motor commands to the voluntary or involuntrary muscles

-some carry both sensory and motor nerve impulses like all spinal nervs

Front 39

I Olfactory nerve

Back 39

Type: sensory

Function:smell

Front 40

II optic nerve

Back 40

Type: sensory

Function: vision

Front 41

III oculomotor

Back 41

Type: Motor

Function: Eye Movement

Front 42

V Trigeminal

Back 42

Type: sensory and motor

Function: facial and oral sensation

chewing

Front 43

VII facial nerve

Back 43

Type: sensory and motor

Function: taste, facial movement, tears and saliva

Front 44

Spinal nerves

Back 44

-part of the peripheral nervous system

- 31 pairs

-each pair consists of a nerve to the left side of the body and on to the right

-spinal nerves are all both sensory and motor

Front 45

Dorsal nerve root

Back 45

-Receives sensory information from the skin

Front 46

Afferent nerve

Back 46

affer/o- bring toward the center

-dorsal nerve roots and their spinal nerve

- carry nerve impulses from the body to the spinal cord

Front 47

Ventral nerve root

Back 47

-carry motor commands from the spinal cord to the voluntary and involuntary muscles

Front 48

efferent

Back 48

effer/o- go out from the center

-ventral nerve roots and their spinal nerve

- carry nerve impulses from the spinal cord to the body

Front 49

reflex

Back 49

-rapid involuntary muscle reaction that is controlled by the spinal cord

Front 50

neural tissue

Back 50

made up of two categories of cells; neurons and neuralgia

Front 51

neuron

Back 51

-an individual nerve cell

-functional unit of the nervous system

-made up of dendrites, the cell body, and axon

Front 52

neuralgia

Back 52

the other category of neutral nerves

Front 53

Axon

Back 53

an elongated extension of cytoplasm at the end of the neuron

Front 54

dendrites

Back 54

-multiple branching structures at the beginning of the neuron

-receives info from other nerve cells

Front 55

cytoplasm

Back 55

produce neurotransmitters and energy for the neuron

Front 56

acetylcholine

Back 56

-neurotransmitter in synapses between neurons of the parasympathetic division

-voluntary skeletal muscle

Front 57

dopamine(dope addict)

Back 57

limbic system

Front 58

edorphins

Back 58

natural pain relievers produced by the brain

Front 59

epinephrine

(adrenaline)

Back 59

-hormone secreted by the adrenal gland and released into the blood

-prepairs the body for "flight or fight" or "alert and active"

Front 60

norepinephrine

Back 60

rest and digest

Front 61

seotonin

Back 61

limbic system

Front 62

amnesia

Back 62

partial or total loss of memory of recent or remote experiences

Front 63

aphasia

Back 63

-loss of ability to communicate verbally or in writing

-can occur with head trauma, a stroke, or Alzheimer's disease

Front 64

dysphasia

Back 64

limited impairment that involves some difficulty speaking or understanding words

Front 65

cephalagia

Back 65

headache

Front 66

cerebrovascular accident(CVA)

Back 66

-disruption or blockage of blood flow to the brain which causes tissue death and an area of necrosis known as an infarct

-affects one hemesphere

Front 67

Transient ischemic attack(TIA)

Back 67

-temporary lack of oxygenated blood to an area of the brain

-like CVA but only lasts 24 hours

Front 68

hemiparesis

Back 68

muscle weakness on one side of the body

Front 69

-paresis

Back 69

condition of weakness

Front 70

coma

Back 70

deep state of unconsciousness and unresponsiveness

-caused by trauma, disease in the brain, too little glucose in the blood, and a metabolic imbalance with accumulation of wast products in the blood

Front 71

concussion

Back 71

traumatic injury to the brain the results in an immediate loss of consciousness

Front 72

contusion

Back 72

-a traumatic injury to the brain or spinal cord

Front 73

dementia

Back 73

-disease of the brain in which many neurons in the cerebrum die

-in the begining there is a gradual decline in mental abilities

Front 74

encephalits

Back 74

inflammation and infection of the brain caused by a virus

Front 75

hematoma

Back 75

localized collection of blood formed in the brain because of trauma

Front 76

hydrocephalus

Back 76

condition in which an excessive amount of cerebrospinal fluid is produced or the flow of cerbrospinal fluid is blocked

Front 77

meningitis

Back 77

inflammation and infection of the meninges of the brain or spinal cord caused by bacterium or virus

Front 78

syncope

Back 78

-faint

-temporary loss of consciousness

Front 79

spinal cord injury(SCI)

Back 79

-trauma to the spinal cord with a partial or complete transection of the cord

Front 80

Bell's Palsy

Back 80

weakness, drooping or actual paralysis of one side of the face because of inflammation of the facial nerve(cranial nerve VII)

Front 81

hyperesthesia

Back 81

conditon in which there is a heightned awareness and sensitivity to touch and increased response to painful stimuli

Front 82

multiple sclerosis(MS)

Back 82

-chronic, progressive, degenerative autoimmune disorder in which the body makes antibodies against myelin

-acute inflammation of the nerves and loss of myelin(demyelination)

Front 83

neuralgia

Back 83

-pain along the path of a nerve and its branches

-caused by an injury

-mild to severe pain

Front 84

neuritis

Back 84

-inflammation or infection of a nerve

-Polyneuritis is in many nerves or all the nerves

Front 85

neuropathy

Back 85

any type of disease or injury to a nerve

Front 86

cerebrospinal fluid examination

Back 86

test that visually examine the CFS for clarity and microscopically for cells and chemically for proteins and other substances

Front 87

craniotomy

Back 87

surgical incision into the cranium to expose the brain tissue

Front 88

alg/o-

Back 88

pain

Front 89

astr/o-

Back 89

starlike structure

Front 90

caus/o-

Back 90

burning

Front 91

cephal/o-

Back 91

head

Front 92

cerebr/o-

Back 92

cerebrum

Front 93

encephal/o-

Back 93

brain

Front 94

mening/o-

Back 94

meninges

Front 95

myel/o-

Back 95

bone marrow; spinal cord; myelin

Front 96

neur/o-

Back 96

nerve

Front 97

phot/o-

Back 97

light

Front 98

phob/o-

Back 98

fear; avoidance

Front 99

clon/o-

Back 99

rapid contracting and relaxing

Front 100

comat/-o

Back 100

unconsciousness

Front 101

ependym/o-

Back 101

cellular lining

Front 102

gli/o-

Back 102

cells that provide lining

Front 103

epilept/o-

Back 103

seizure

Front 104

hydr/o-

Back 104

water;fluid

Front 105

infarct/o-

Back 105

area of dead tissue

Front 106

narc/o-

Back 106

stupor; sleep

Front 107

radicul/o-

Back 107

spinal nerve root

Front 108

rhiz/o-

Back 108

spinal nerve root

Front 109

syncop/o-

Back 109

fainting

Front 110

esthes/o-

Back 110

sensation