Neurology

Front 1

Forebrain(prosencephalon) develops into

Back 1

Telencephalon and diencephalon

Front 2

Midbrain (mesencephalon) develops into

Back 2

Mesencephalon

Front 3

Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

Back 3

Metencephalon and myelencephalon

Front 4

Telencephalon develops into

Back 4

Cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles

Front 5

Diencephalon develops into

Back 5

Thalamus and third ventricle

Front 6

Mesencephalon develops into

Back 6

Midbrain and aquaeduct

Front 7

Metencephalon develops into

Back 7

Pons and cerebellum and upper part of the 4th ventricle

Front 8

Myelencephalon develops into

Back 8

Medulla and lower part of the 4th ventricle

Front 9

What is elevated in neural tube defects?

Back 9

1. alpha-fetoprotein (amniotic fluid & maternal serum)

2. Acetylcholinesterase (amniotic fluid)

Front 10

Failure of bony spinal canal to close with not structural herniation. Dura intact

Back 10

spina bifida occulta

Front 11

Associated with tuft of hair or skin dimple at level of bony defect

Back 11

spina bifida occulta

Front 12

1. Meningocele

2. What are the AFP levels?

Back 12

1. Meninges (but not spinal cord) herniate through spinal canal defect

2. AFP level normal

Front 13

1. Meningomyelocele

2. What are the AFP levels?

Back 13

1. Meninges and spinal cord herniate through spinal cord defect

2. AFP levels are elevated

Front 14

Malformation of anterior neural tube resulting in no forebrain

Back 14

Anenecephaly

Front 15

What is associated with incresed AFP, polyhydramnios, maternal diabetes (type I)?

Back 15

Anenecephaly

Front 16

Failure of left and right hemispheres to separate.

Complex etiology that may related to mutations in sonic hedgehog signaling pathways

Back 16

holoprosencephaly

Front 17

What are two forebrain anomalies?

Back 17

1. Anenecephaly

2. holoprosencephaly

Front 18

What are two posterior fossa malformations?

Back 18

1. Arnold-Chiari malformation

2. Dandy-Walker

Front 19

Agenesis of cerebrallar vermis with cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle. Associated with hydrocephalus and spina bifida

Back 19

Dandy-Walker

Front 20

What posterior fossa malformation presents with increased intracranial pressure, vomiting, convulsions, abnormal breathing problems, abnormal motor coordination?

Back 20

Dandy-Walker

Front 21

cerebellar tonsil herniation through foramen magnumoften presents in adulthood with chronic headaches and ataxiaassociated with cervico-thoracic syringomyelia milder in severity

Back 21

Arnold Chiari I

Front 22

due to small posterior fossa, the cerebellar tonsils herniate through foramen magnum causing aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephaly may present with synringomelia, thoracolumbar spina bifida with myelomeningocelesymptoms present from compression of medulla oblongata and CN IX, X, and XI

Back 22

Arnold Chiari II

Front 23

Cystic enlargement of central canal of spinal cord. Spinothalamic tract are damaged first

Back 23

Syringomyelia

Front 24

Cape-like bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper extremities

Back 24

Syringomyelia

Front 25

Syringomyelia occurs most often at what level

Back 25

C8-T1

Front 26

1. _____ branchial arch form the anterior 2/3 of tongue

2. _____ & ____ branchial arch forms the posterior 1/3 of tongue

Back 26

1. 1st

2. 3rd and 4th

Front 27

1. Sensation of anterior 2/3 of tongue _____

2. Sensation of posterior 1/3 of tongue _____

Back 27

1. V3 (VII for taste)

2. IX and X for extreme posterior of tongue

Front 28

Motor innervation of tongue

Back 28

XII

Front 29

CNS neurons, ependymal cells(inner lining of ventricles, make CSF), oligodendroglia, astrocytes develops from ______

Back 29

neuroectoderm

Front 30

PNS neurons, Schwann cells develop from _____

Back 30

neural crest cells

Front 31

Microglia develop from _____

Back 31

mesoderm

Front 32

What is used to stain cell bodies and dendrites?

Back 32

Nisel substance (stains RER). Axons do not have RER

Front 33

Neurons regenerate at a rate of _____mm/day as long as there is not damage to cell body

Back 33

1 mm/day

Front 34

degeneration distal to the injury and axonal retraction proximally. Allows for potential regeneration of axon

Back 34

Wallerian degerneration

Front 35

Which cell type is responsible for:

physical support, K+ metabolism, removal of excess neurotransmitter, maintenance of BBB?

Back 35

astrocytes

Front 36

Which cell type is responsible for:

reactive gliosis in response to injury?

Back 36

astrocytes

Front 37

What is an astrocyte maker?

Back 37

GFAP

Front 38

Which cell type is responsible for:

CNS phagocytosis, respond to tissue damage by differentiating into largeo phagocytic cells, makes cytokines and neurotransmitters resulting in inflammation?

Back 38

microglia

Front 39

HIV-infected _______fuse to form multinucleated ginat cells in the CNS

Back 39

microglia

Front 40

wraps and insulates axons: increases space constant and conduction velocity

Back 40

myelin

Front 41

What cell myelinates multiple CNS axons?

Back 41

oligodendroglia

Front 42

In Nissl stain which cell appears as small nuclei with dark chromatin and little cytoplasm

Back 42

oligodendroglia

Front 43

What is the predominant type of glial cell in white matter

Back 43

oligodendroglia

Front 44

These cells are destroyed in MS

Back 44

oligodendroglia

Front 45

These cells look like fried eggs on H&E stain

Back 45

oligodendroglia

Front 46

This cell myelinates one PNS axon at a time

Back 46

Schwann cell

Front 47

These cells are destroyed in Guillain-Barre syndrome

Back 47

Schwann cell

Front 48

Sensory hearing loss and trouble standing from seated position at cerebelloponte angle

Back 48

Acoustic neuroma (type schwannoma)

Front 49

free nerve endings- slow, unmyelinated fibers

Back 49

c fibers

Front 50

free nerve endings- fast myelinated fibers

Back 50

alpha fibers

Front 51

what receptor types have large myelinated fibers?

Back 51

1. Meissner's corpuscles (fibers adapt quickly)

2. Pacinian corpuscles

3. Merkel's disc (fibers adapt slowly)

Front 52

Which sensory receptor is located in all skin, epidermis, some viscera

Back 52

free nerve endings

Front 53

Which sensory receptor is located in glabrous (hairless) skin such as fingertips and lips

Back 53

Meissner's corpuscles

Front 54

Which sensory receptor is located in deep skin layer, ligaments and joints

Back 54

Pacinian corpuscles

Front 55

Which sensory receptor is located in hair follicles

Back 55

Merkel's disc

Front 56

______senses pain and temperature

Back 56

Free nerve endings

Front 57

______senses dynamic, fine/light touch, position sense

Back 57

Meissner's corpuscles

Front 58

______senses vibration and pressure

Back 58

Pacinian corpuscles

Front 59

______senses pressure, deep static touch, (eg shapes, edges) position sense

Back 59

Merkel's discs

Front 60

Invests single nerve fiber layers. Inflammatory infiltrate in Guillain-Barre

Back 60

Endoneurium

Front 61

Surrounds a fascicle of nerve fibers. Must be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment

Back 61

Perinerurium

Front 62

Dense connective tissue that surrounds entire nerve

Back 62

Epineurium

Front 63

Which two neurotransmitter is increased in anxiety?

Back 63

NE & 5-HT

Front 64

What neurotransmitter is decreased in depression?

Back 64

NE & 5-HT

Front 65

What neurotransmitter is increased in schizophrenia?

Back 65

Dopamine

Front 66

What neurotransmitter is decreased in Parkinson's?

Back 66

Dopamine

Front 67

What neurotransmitter is decreased in Alzheimer's and Huntington's?

Back 67

ACh

Front 68

What neurotransmitter is increased in REM sleep?

Back 68

ACh

Front 69

Which two neurotransmitter's are decreased in Huntington's?

Back 69

ACh & GABA

Front 70

Which neurotransmitter is decreased in anxiety?

Back 70

GABA

Front 71

What is synthesized in the Locus cereleus?

Back 71

NE

Front 72

What is synthesized in the Ventral tegmentum and SNc (midbrain)?

Back 72

Dopamine

Front 73

What is synthesized in the Raphe nucleus (pons)?

Back 73

5-HT

Front 74

What is synthesized in the Basal nucleus of Meynert?

Back 74

ACh

Front 75

What is synthesized in the nucleus accumbens?

Back 75

GABA

Front 76

The BBB is formed by 3 structures:

Back 76

1. tight junctions btw nonfenestrated capillary endothelial cells

2. Basement membrane

3. astrocyte foot process

Front 77

What type of molecules can diffuse across BBB?

Back 77

non-polar/lipid soluble

Front 78

What are 3 regions of the brain that have no BBB?

Back 78

1. area postrema (vomiting after chemo)

2. OVLT (osmotic sensing)

3. neurohypophysis

Front 79

What is the result of destruction of endothelial cell tight junctions of BBB from infarction or neoplasm?

Back 79

vasogenic edema

Front 80

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

Back 80

TAN HATS

1. Thirst & H2O balance (via ADH)

2. Adenohypophysis control (regulated Ant Pit)

3. Neurohypophysis

4. Hunger

5. Autonomic regulation

6. Temperature regulation

7. Sexual Urges

Front 81

Inputs to the hypothalamus

Back 81

1. OVLT (senses change in osmolarity)

2. area postrema (responds to emetic)

Front 82

What does the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus make?

Back 82

ADH

Front 83

What does the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus make?

Back 83

oxytocin

Front 84

ADH and oxytocin are made by the ________but stored and released by _____

Back 84

1. hypothalamus

2. posterior pituitary

Front 85

What area of the hypothalamus is responsible for hunger?

Back 85

Lateral area ( If you zap your lateral nucleus, you shrink laterally)

Front 86

What area of the hypothalamus is inhibited by leptin?

Back 86

Lateral area

Front 87

What area of the hypothalamus is stimulated by leptin?

Back 87

Ventromedial area

Front 88

What area of the hypothalamus is responsible for satiety?

Back 88

Ventromedial area

Front 89

What area of the hypothalamus is responsible for cooling, parasympathetic

Back 89

anterior hypothalamus (A/C=anterior)

Front 90

What area of the hypothalamus is responsible for heating, sympathetic

Back 90

posterior hypothalamus

Front 91

What area of the hypothalamus is responsible for circadian rhythm?

Back 91

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Front 92

Major relay for all ascending sensory information except olfaction

Back 92

Thalamus

Front 93

What part of the thalamus receives all body sensation?

Back 93

Ventral posterior lateral nucleus

Front 94

What part of the thalamus receives all facial sensation?

Back 94

Ventral posterior medial nucleus

Front 95

What part of the thalamus receives visual input?

Back 95

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

Lateral = light

Front 96

What part of the thalamus receives auditory input?

Back 96

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

Medial= music

Front 97

What do the hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, mammillary bodies and cingulate make up?

Back 97

Limbic system

Front 98

Collection of neural structures involved in emotion, long term memory, olfaction, behavior modification and autonomic nervous system

Back 98

Limbic system

Front 99

The limibic system is responsible for:

Back 99

5 F's

1. Feeding

2. Fleeing

3. Fighting

4. Fighting

5. *******

Front 100

What provides stimulatory feedback to contralateral motor cortex?

Back 100

cerebellum

Front 101

what assists in coordination and balance?

Back 101

cerebellum

Front 102

Damage causes symptoms of ipsilateral intention tremor and limb ataxiatendency to fall towards side of lesion

Back 102

cerebellum