Neurology

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Alzheimer disease

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The most common cause of dementia, is an acquired cognitive and behavioral impairment of sufficient severity that markedly interferes with social and occupational functioning. It is associated with entorhinal cortex and hippocampal dysfunction

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Schizophrenia

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Symptoms include disturbances in thoughts (or cognitions), mood (or affects), perceptions, and relationships with others. The hallmark symptoms are auditory hallucinations and delusions, which are fixed false beliefs.

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Aphasia

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is an acquired disorder of language due to brain damage.

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Alexia

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is an acquired disorders of reading

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Agraphia

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acquired disorders of writing

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Dementia

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is a common neurologic syndrome with significant impact on the mortality and morbidity of elderly persons with the most common forms being Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia.

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Apraxia

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is a syndrome reflecting motor system dysfunction at the cortical level, exclusive of primary motor cortex.

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Bipolar disorder or manic-depressive illness (MDI)

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is characterized by periods of deep, prolonged, and profound depression that alternate with periods of an excessively elevated and/or irritable mood known as mania.

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Unipolar depression

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a disturbance in CNS serotonin (ie, 5-HT) activity as an important factor. Other neurotransmitters implicated include norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA).

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Hydrocephalus

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as a disturbance of formation, flow, or absorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that leads to an increase in volume occupied by this fluid in the CNS. This condition also could be termed a hydrodynamic disorder of CSF.

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Huntington disease

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is a genetic, autosomal dominant, neurodegenerative disorder characterized clinically by disorders of movement, progressive dementia, and psychiatric and/or behavioral disturbance.

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Panic disorder

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is characterized by the spontaneous and unexpected occurrence of panic attacks, the frequency of which can vary from several attacks per day to only a few attacks per year.

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Parkinson disease

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is a disabling, progressive condition that is predominantly thought of as a movement disorder.

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Pick disease

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is a progressive dementia which typically affects the frontal and/or anterolateral temporal lobes. This is defined pathologically by severe atrophy, neuronal loss, and gliosis.

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Parasomnia

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unusual experiences or behaviors during sleep and include sleep terror disorder and sleepwalking (which occur during Stage 4 sleep) and nightmare disorder (which occurs during REM sleep).

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Dyssomnia

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are characterized by abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep. These include primary insomnia and hypersomnia, narcolepsy, breathing-related sleep disorder (ie, sleep apnea), and circadian rhythm sleep disorder.

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Epidural hematoma

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Accumulation of blood in the potential space between dura and bone. It may be intracranial (EDH) or spinal (SEDH).

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Hyperosmolar Coma

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an acute metabolic complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) characterized by impaired mental status (MS) and elevated plasma osmolality in a patient with hyperglycemia.

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Subdural Hematoma

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usually develops by 1 of 3 mechanisms: bleeding by a damaged cortical artery (including epidural hematoma), bleeding from underlying parenchymal injury, and tearing of bridging veins from the cortex to one of the draining venous sinuses.

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Cluster headache

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form of neurovascular headache. Attacks usually are severe and unilateral and typically are located at the temple and periorbital region. The pain is typically associated with ipsilateral lacrimation, nasal congestion, conjunctival injection, miosis, ptosis, and lid edema.

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Migraine Headache

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certain headaches with a vascular quality. It is a dominantly inherited disorder characterized by varying degrees of recurrent vascular-quality headache, photophobia, sleep disruption, and depression.

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Tension-type headache

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is the most common type of headache. The more likely cause of these headaches is believed now to be abnormal neuronal sensitivity and pain facilitation

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Hemorrhagic Stroke

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more likely to have headache, altered mental status, seizures, nausea and vomiting, and/or marked hypertension

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Ischemic Stroke

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most often is caused by extracranial embolism or intracranial thrombosis, but it may also be caused by decreased cerebral blood flow.

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Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

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Intracranial saccular aneurysms represent the most common etiology of this.