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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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walking/movement
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ambul/o
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head
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cepha/o
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herniation
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-cele
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concussion/to shake violently
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concuss/o
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bruise
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contus/o
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sound
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ech/o
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brain
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encephal/o
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feeling
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-esthesia
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tounge
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gloss/o
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groove or crack
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fiss/o
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nevers
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neur/i
neuro/o |
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small
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micro-
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few or scant
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olig/o
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phas/o
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speach
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1. brain and spinal cord
2. everything else |
1. CNS
2. PNS |
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Largest & uppermost part of brain
Serves as pathway for impulse conduction between brain and spinal cord |
Cerebrum
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Joins 2 hemispheres of cerebrum together
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corpus callosum
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side of brain
emotions, 3-dimension, patterns, etc |
right
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side of brain
logic, reasoning, math, problem solving’ interprets sights, sounds, words, sensations, recall |
left
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folds in brain
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gyri
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furrows in brain
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sulci
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Controls motor functions, memory, behavior
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Frontal
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Receives/interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors (skin, internal organs)
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Parietal
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controls eyesight
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occipital
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Controls sense of hearing/smell
Create, store and access new information |
temporal
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Located below cerebrum
Monitors sensory stimuli by relaying impulses to/from cerebral cortex to sense organs Perception of pain |
Thalamus
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Integrates autonomic impulses and regulates certain endocrine functions
Heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate |
hypothalamus
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Connects cerebral hemisphere with spinal cord
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Brain Stem
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Superior part of brain stem, keeps mind conscious & produces dopamine
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mid brain
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brain stem
connects spinal cord to brain (respiratory center, cardiac center, vasomotor center) |
medulla oblongata
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brain stem
Relays impulses from brain to body and back |
pons
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2nd largest part
Aids in coordination of voluntary movements, maintains balance, posture, muscular tone |
Cerebellum
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Covers brain and spinal chord
Provides minimal protection |
Meninges
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Meninges
Outermost membrane, tough, fibrous Epidural space Subdural space |
Dura mater
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Meninges
Spider-web resemblance Subarachnoid space – contains CSF |
Arachnoid space
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Meninges
Innermost layer; nourishes underlying tissues |
Pia mater
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Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) circulates around spinal cord and brain through
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ventricles
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Nourishes CNS & acts as shock absorber
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Cerebral Spinal Fluid
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Interference with absorption of CFS resulting in fluid collection on brain
Enlarges cranium |
Hydrocephalus
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Transmit sensory impulses from body to brain
Transmit motor impulses from brain to muscles/organs begins if foramen magnum until the 1st lumbar membrane |
Spinal Cord and spinal nerves
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Spinal Cord & brain
Transmits sensory impulses from body to brain = ascending tracts Transmits motor impulses from brain to muscles/organs of body = descending tracts |
CNS
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carry impulses toward brain/spinal cord
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afferent
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carry impulses away from brain/spinal cord to muscles/glands
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efferent
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Functional unit of the nerve
Cells that transmit impulses |
neuron
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all neurons are
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parenchyma cells
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Nerve glue”
4 types: (support and connect cells of CNS and helps CNS repair itself) Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia Ependyma |
neuroglia
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Receive impulses and transmit them to cell body
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dendrites
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Extends impulses away from nerve cells
Myelin Sheath Schwann Cells Neurolemma sheath Node of ranvier |
axons
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Because neurons never touch, chemical signalers called
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neurotransmitters
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must travel through the space called
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synapse
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white matter
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myelin sheath
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gray matter
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nerve tissue
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influences muscle actions
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acetylcholine
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transmits impulses of synapses
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dopamine
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pain relief
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endorphins
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sleep, hunger, pleasure, recognition
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serotonin
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hypotension and physical stress
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norephinephrine
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nerve center
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ganglion
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network of intersecting nerves/blood vessels
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plexus
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supply nerves to body part
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innervation
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sites in sensory organs that receive external stimulation
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receptors
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anything that excites/activates nerves
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stimulus
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wave of excitation transmitted through nerves
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impulse
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12 pair
Serves half of the body Identified by Roman numerals Names for area/function they serve |
cranial nerves
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31 pair
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar sacral |
spinal nerves
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autonomic
epinephrine Prepares body for stress/emergency situations by increasing heart rate, respiratory rate and blood flow |
sympathetic
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autonomic
norepinephrine Returns body to normal after stress Maintains normal body functions |
parasympathetic
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Primarily innervates skeletal muscles
Assoc with voluntary movement Walking Talking |
somatic nervous system
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Inability to speak, write or comprehend the written word (strokes)
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aphasia
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headache
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cephalalgia
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Acute, intense headache usually in one specific area
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migraine headache
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group of chronic disorders impairing control of movement that appear in the first few years of life and generally do not worsen over time.
Developmental defects in brain or trauma during birthing process due to lack of O2 Severity varies Cannot be cured |
cerebral palsy
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Interruption of blood supply caused by thrombosis, embolism, narrowing of arteries or hemorrhage causing tissue to die
3 Main types: Ischemic (80%) Intracerebral (within brain) hemorrhage Subarachnoid ( bellow arachnoid layer) hemorrhage Mild to severe paralysis |
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) = stroke
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Sudden, temporary deficient supply of blood to brain
10-30 seconds Symptoms resolve within 24 hours |
transient ischemic attack
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tissue death due to lack of blood supply
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infarction
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temporary O2 deficiency in tissues due to constriction of obstruction
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ischemia
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Caused by violent shaking/jarring of brain
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concussion
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Infants neck muscles are weak allowing “whiplash”
Usually has impact injury assoc with it |
sbs
shaken baby syndrome |
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injury to where contact occurs
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coup
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injury occurs opposite to where contact occurs
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countrecoup
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Progressive decline in mental abilities accompanied by personality change while maintaining perception, consciousness and motor control
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dementia
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Progressive disorder marked by deterioration of mental capacity
senility, confusion, loss of recognition of surroundings Plaques, small lesions develop in cerebral cortex disrupting passage of electrochemical signals between cells Moderate relief with meds that prevent breakdown of chemicals required for neurotransmission Upon autopsy there is cerebral atrophy and widening of cerebral sulci |
alzheimer's disease
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Electronic disturbances in brain
High fever Brain injury Brain lesions Chronic or recurring seizures: |
epilepsy
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Brief (10-30 second) episodes of unconsciousness
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absence seizures
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Loss of consciousness with firm, violent spasms
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Grand mal seizures
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Continuous muscular contraction
Violent spasms |
tonic
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Alternate contracting/relaxing of muscles
Jerking movements |
clonic
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Begins with specific motor, sensory or psychomotor phenomena w/out loss of consciousness
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localized seizure
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Acute inflammation of brain due to virus or bacteria
usually due to virus, herpes being most dangerous or rabies but can also be bacterial syphilis Brain damage occurs as the inflamed brain pushes against the skull, and can lead to death |
encephalitis
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Localized collection of blood in brain due to ruptured artery/vein
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hematoma
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Uncontrolled, brief episodes of sleep during daytime
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narcolepsy
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Inflammation of meninges or spinal cord
Usually caused by bacteria or virus but also from disease, drugs or injury potentially serious condition owing to the proximity of the inflammation to the brain and spinal cord - need to immediate medical attention Antibiotic treatment |
meningitis
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Progressive neurological disorder, usually occurs later in life
Muscle rigidity causes facial expressions to appear mask-like, eyes don’t blink Dopamine is lacking in brain |
parkinson's disease
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sclerosis is a disease in which the body's immune system attacks the central nervous system, often resulting in fatigue, muscle weakness, numbness and impaired balance, vision and mobility.
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multiple sclerosis
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Highly contagious viral infection
Inflames spinal cord and brainstem Often results in paralysis |
poliomyelitis
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Inflammation of spinal nerve root that lies between spinal cord and intervertebral canal
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radiculitis
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fatal neuromuscular disease characterized by progressive muscle weakness resulting in paralysis
Midlife onset Cause unknown – no effective treatment 3-5 year survival rate |
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
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Facial paralysis caused by trauma to 7th cranial nerve
Unilateral, bilateral, transient or permanent Assoc with herpes virus Acute onset The nerve regenerates at a rate of approximately 1-2 millimeters per day – may take weeks/months to fully recover |
Bells palsy
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Acute polyneuritis with progressive muscle weakness in extremities
Affects 30-50 year olds 95% complete recovery spontaneously Unknown cause, viral infection typically precedes symptoms 1-3 weeks no effective treatment starts at feet and moves up |
guillain-barre's syndrome
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alert
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conscious
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fainting
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syncope
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lowered level of consciousness; listlessness
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lethargy
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impaired consciousness marked by lack of responsiveness to stimuli
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stupor
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unconscious; no response to stimuli
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coma
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Pain along path of nerve caused by injury
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neuralgia
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Excessive sensitivity to stimuli
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Hyperesthesia
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Sensation (tingling, burning, numbness) for no apparent reason
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Paresthesia
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Damage in feet/hands due to damage of peripheral nerves
diabetes |
Peripheral neuropathy
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X-rays create “sliced” images into 3-dimensional image
Good for looking at strokes |
c-t scan
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Magnetic field used to construct image
Images soft tissues of the body |
MRI
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EEG records changes in brain waves following various stimuli
Evaluates potential of particular nerve pathway to conduct nerve impulses VEP BAEP SSEP |
evoked potential
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Measures speed at which electrical impulse travels along nerve
Usually performed with electromyography to differentiate muscle and nerve disorders |
nerve conduction study
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Object strokes lateral sole of foot to se if toes curl up/down
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Babinski’s sign
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Measures depth of coma ranging 3-15
Eye opening Motor response Verbal response to stimulus |
Glasgow Coma Scale
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Obtain CSF for testing between L3-4 or L4-5
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Lumbar puncture
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Remove plaque from carotid artery to restore blood flow to brain
Decreases risk of CVA |
Carotid endarterectomy
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Remove bony segment of flat area of vertebral arch to relieve pressure on for herniated disk
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Laminectomy
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