Neurology 04: Equilibrium

Front 1

2 equilibrium-related problems

Back 1

vertigo
ataxia

Front 2

vertigo means ___
2 kinds of vertigo are ___

Back 2

sensation of spinning
peripheral
central

Front 3

___ is always present with peripheral vertigo

Back 3

nystagmus

Front 4

nystagmus in peripheral vertigo is always ___

Back 4

horizontal

Front 5

nystagmus in central vertigo can be ___ and ___

Back 5

bidirectional
vertical

Front 6

hearing loss or tinnitus is primarily associated with ___ vertigo

Back 6

peripheral

Front 7

ataxia means ___
3 kinds of ataxia

Back 7

motor incoordination not caused by muscle weakness
vestibular
cerebellar
sensory

Front 8

___ (2) are present with vestibular ataxia, but not ___

Back 8

vertigo
nystagmus
dysarthria

Front 9

vestibular ataxia is ___ dependent

Back 9

gravity

Front 10

midline cerebellar lesions affect ___ (2)

Back 10

posture
gait

Front 11

hemispheric cerebellar lesions cause ___ (5)

Back 11

ipsilateral hemiataxia
ipsilateral hypotonia
gaze deflection away from affected side
nystagmus
dysarthria

Front 12

sensory ataxia is due to ___ lesion

Back 12

proprioceptive afferent

Front 13

Weber and Rinne tests distinguish between ___ and ___ hearing problems

Back 13

sensorineural
conductive

Front 14

in Weber test, tuning fork is held at ___
in sensorineural problem, sound is perceived as ___.
in conductive problem, sound is perceived as ___.

Back 14

skull vertex
coming from healthy side
coming from affected side

Front 15

in Rinne test, tuning fork is held at ___
in sensorineural problem ___.
in conductive problem ___.

Back 15

mastoid process, then next to external auditory meatus
air conduction > bone conduction
bone conduction > air conduction

Front 16

___ tremor is associated with cerebellar ataxia

Back 16

intentional

Front 17

benign positional vertigo is caused by ___. it is treated by ___

Back 17

canalolithiasis (debris in endolymph)
repositioning (moving head to relocated debris)

Front 18

meniere disease is caused by ___.
it presents with ___ (3).
it is treated with ___ such as ___ (2)

Back 18

excess endolymph
vertigo
tinnitus
progressive hearing loss
diuretics
hydrochlorothiazide
triamterene

Front 19

4 kinds of drugs used for acute vertigo

Back 19

antihistamine
anticholinergic
benzodiazepine
sympathomimetics

Front 20

3 antihistamines used in acute vertigo

Back 20

meclizine
promethazine
dimenhydrinate

Front 21

anticholinergic used for acute vertigo

Back 21

scopolamine

Front 22

benzo used for acute vertigo

Back 22

diazepam

Front 23

2 sympathomimetics used for acute vertigo

Back 23

amphetamine
ephedrine

Front 24

acute peripheral vestibulopathy presents with ___ and sometimes follows ___.
it is treated with ___.

Back 24

vertigo
febrile illness
prednisone

Front 25

otosclerosis is causd by immobililty of ___. it causes ___ hearing loss.

Back 25

stapes
conductive

Front 26

T/F: otosclerosis can cause vertigo

Back 26

true

Front 27

T/F: otosclerosis can cause sensorineural hearing loss

Back 27

true

Front 28

4 ototoxic medications

Back 28

aminoglycosides
salicylates
cis platinum
quinine

Front 29

5 causes of acute cerebellar dysfunction

Back 29

drugs
Wernicke encephalopathy
vertebrobasilar ischemia
cerebellar hemorrhage
inflammation

Front 30

4 kinds of drugs which cause cerebellar dysfunction

Back 30

EtOH
sedatives
anticonvulsants
hallucinogens

Front 31

____ is a hallucinogen associated with cerebellar dysfunction

Back 31

PCP

Front 32

___ is an anticonvulsant associated with cerebellar dysfunction

Back 32

phenytoin

Front 33

Wernicke encephalopathy is caused by ___ aka ___ deficiency.

Back 33

thiamine
B1

Front 34

triad of Wernicke encephalopathy

Back 34

ataxia
ophthalmoplegia
confusion

Front 35

5 brain regions affected by Wernicke encephalopathy

Back 35

medial thalamic nuclei
mamillary bodies
periaqueductal grey
cerebellar vermis
CN nuclei

Front 36

CN nuclei commonly affected by Wernicke encephalopathy

Back 36

3
6
8

Front 37

ataxia in Wernicke encephalopathy mostly affects ___

Back 37

gait

Front 38

tendon reflex missing in Wernicke encephalopathy

Back 38

ankle jerk

Front 39

tx for Wernicke encephalopathy

Back 39

thiamine 100 mg IV

Front 40

first sx of Wernicke encephalopathy to improve

Back 40

ocular palsy

Front 41

4 causes of vertebrobasilar ischemia

Back 41

internal auditory a. occlusion
lateral medullary infarction
cerebellar hemorrhage
paramedian midbrain infarction

Front 42

MANOVA

Back 42

A statistical test for studies that have one or more independent variables and two or more dependent variables.

Front 43

5 lateral medullary infarction sx

Back 43

vertigo
dysphagia
ipsilateral Horner's syndrome
bilateral facial hypoesthesia
contralateral limb hypoesthesia

Front 44

paramedian midbrain infarction results from occlusion of ___
it causes ___ syndrome

Back 44

paramedian penetrating branches of basilar a.
Benedikt

Front 45

brain areas affected by paramedian midbrain infarction

Back 45

red nucleus
CN3 fibers

Front 46

6 causes of chronic cerebellar dysfunction

Back 46

MS
alcohol
phenytoin
hypothyroidism
paraneoplastic
genetic

Front 47

___ cancers are associated with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration

Back 47

lung (esp small cell)
ovarian

Front 48

paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration is a ___ condition caused by ___

Back 48

autoimmune
cross reaction between tumor and purkinje cells

Front 49

3 kinds of genetic cerebellar degeneration

Back 49

AD
friedreich ataxia
ataxia telangiectasia

Front 50

many AD causes of cerebellar degeneration are caused by ___
and therefore exhibit ___

Back 50

trinucleotide repeat expansion
anticipation

Front 51

friedreich ataxia is a ___ trait. it is caused by ___ in ___ gene.
it causes degeneration of ___ (3).

Back 51

AR
trinucleotide repeat expansion
frataxin (chromosome 9)
spinocerebellar tracts
dorsal columns
peripheral nerves

Front 52

friedreich ataxia presents between ages of ___ and ___.
patients eventually develop ___ and ___.

Back 52

4
end of puberty
kyphoscoliosis
cardiomyopathy

Front 53

effects of friedreich ataxia are similar to those of ___ deficiency

Back 53

Vitamin E

Front 54

ataxia telangiectasia is caused by ___

Back 54

ATM mutation

Front 55

top 4 cerebellar tumors IDOOF

Back 55

mets
astrocytoma
medulloblastoma
schwannoma