Neurological System

Front 1

consists of the brain and spinal cord

Back 1

CNS

Front 2

consists of the cranial and spinal nerves

Back 2

PNS

Front 3

system that controls voluntary muscle

Back 3

somatic system

Front 4

system that controls involuntary muscle

Back 4

ANS

Front 5

What are the 2 divisions of the ANS?

Back 5

sympathetic
parasympathetic

Front 6

primary cell of the neurological system

Back 6

neuron

Front 7

support the neurons of the CNS

Back 7

neuroglia

Front 8

cells in the PNS that form the myelin sheath

Back 8

Schwann cells

Front 9

helps speed up nerve impulse transmission

Back 9

myelin

Front 10

neuron that carries the impulse from peripheral receptors to the CNS

Back 10

sensory neuron

Front 11

neuron that transmits impulses from neuron to neuron

found only in the CNS

Back 11

interneuron/associational neuron

Front 12

neuron that transmits impulses away from the CNS to an effector

Back 12

motor neuron

Front 13

the region between adjacent neurons

Back 13

synapse

Front 14

neuron that sends the impulse to the synapse

Back 14

presynaptic neuron

Front 15

neuron that sends the impulse away from the synapse

Back 15

postsynaptic neuron

Front 16

a chemical that must be synthesized in the neuron, released into the synaptic cleft, and bound to a receptor site of the postsynaptic membrane of another neuron, where it affects ion channels, and is removed by a specific mechanism from its site of action

Back 16

neurotransmitter

Front 17

The effect of acetylcholine:

Back 17

excitatory OR inhibitory

Front 18

The effect of norepinephrine:

Back 18

excitatory OR inhibitory

Front 19

The effect of serotonin:

Back 19

generally inhibitory

Front 20

The effect of dopamine:

Back 20

generally excitatory

Front 21

The effect of histamine:

Back 21

generally inhibitory

Front 22

The effect of Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Back 22

majority of postsynaptic inhibition in the brain

Front 23

The effect of glycine:

Back 23

most postsynaptic inhibition in the spinal cord

Front 24

The effect of glutamate and aspartate:

Back 24

excitatory

Front 25

The effect of endorphins and enkephalins:

Back 25

generally inhibitory

Front 26

The effect of substance P:

Back 26

generally excitatory

Front 27

cranial nerve that carries impulses for sense of smell

Back 27

I. Olfactory

Front 28

cranial nerve that carries impulses for vision

Back 28

II. Optic

Front 29

cranial nerve that controls muscles that direct the eyeball

Back 29

III. Oculomotor

Front 30

cranial nerve that controls extraocular muscle

Back 30

IV. Trochlear

Front 31

cranial nerve that conducts sensory impulses from mouth, nose, and eye

also stimulates chewing muscles

Back 31

V. Trigeminal

Front 32

cranial nerve that controls lateral eye movement

Back 32

VI. Abducens

Front 33

cranial nerve that controls the muscles of facial expression and taste buds on anterior part of tongue

Back 33

VII. Facial

Front 34

cranial nerve that controls hearing and equillibrium

Back 34

VIII. Vestibulocochlear (acoustic)

Front 35

cranial nerve that controls the pharynx, posterior tongue, and taste buds

Back 35

IX. Glossopharyngeal

Front 36

cranial nerve that supplies the pharynx and smooth muscles of abdominal organs

Back 36

X. Vagus

Front 37

cranial nerve that controls the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, soft palate, pharynx, and larynx

Back 37

XI. Spinal accessory

Front 38

cranial nerve that controls the tongue and sensory impulses from the tongue to the brain

Back 38

XII. Hypoglossal

Front 39

three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

Back 39

meninges

Front 40

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

Back 40

dura mater (outer)
arachnoid mater
pia mater (inner)

Front 41

lies between the dura and the arachnoid

contains many small bridging veins that have little support

their disruption results in a ________ hematoma

Back 41

subdural space

Front 42

a clear, colorless fluid similar to blood plasma and interstitial fluid

intracranial and spinal cord structures float in this and are thereby protected from jolts and blows

produced by the choroid plexuses in the ventricles

Back 42

CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

Front 43

Where is CSF located in the body?

Back 43

the ventricles and subarachnoid space

Front 44

cellular structures that selectively inhibit certain potentially harmful substances in the blood from entering the interstitial spaces of the brain or CSF

formed by neuroglia and endothelial cells of brain cell capillaries

Back 44

blood-brain barrier

Front 45

comprises the 2 cerebral hemispheres and allows conscious perception of internal and external stimuli, thought and memory processes, and voluntary control of skeletal muscles

Back 45

forebrain

Front 46

Part of the brain that controls:
goal oriented behavior (ability to concentrate)
short term or recall memory
elaboration of thought and inhibition of the limbic system (emotional)
eye movements
movement of the lower limbs/torso/arm/middle part of the hand, lower portion of the face/mouth/throat
motor aspects of speech-inability or difficulty in forming words (expressive aphasia or dysphasia)

Back 46

frontal lobe

Front 47

part of the brain that is the major area of somatic input, sensory/motor function

Back 47

parietal lobe

Front 48

part of the brain that contains the primary visual cortex

Back 48

occipital lobe

Front 49

part of the brain that contains the primary auditory cortex

Back 49

temporal lobe

Front 50

part of the brain that is responsible for reception and interpretation of speech

Back 50

Wernicke area

Front 51

Houses the corpus callosum-connects the two cerebral hemispheres and is essential in coordination of activities between the two hemispheres, this may be cut in epileptic patients unresponsive to all other treatments.

Back 51

insula

Front 52

includes the thalamus, premotor cortex, red nucleus, reticular formation, spinal cord

exerts fine tuning effects on motor movements

Parkinson disease and Huntington disease are conditions associated with defects of this...

Back 52

basal ganglia system (extrapyramidal system)

Front 53

group of structures surrounding the corpus callosum that mediate emotion through connections in the prefrontal cortex

involved in primitive behavioral responses, visceral reaction to emotion, feeding behaviors, biologic rhythms, and the sense of smell

Back 53

limbic system

Front 54

Major intergrating center for afferent impulses going to the cerebral cortex

Back 54

thalamus

Front 55

Functions include:

Maintenance of constant internal environment
implementation of behavioral patterns
control center for ANS function
regulating of emotional expression.

Back 55

hypothalamus

Front 56

primarily a relay center for motor and sensory tracts, as well as a center for auditory and visual reflexes

Functions include:

the ability of the eyes to track moving objects
head movement for better hearing
synthesis of dopamine (decreased in Parkinson Disease)
contains the aqueduct of sylvius (carries cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), if gets occluded then hydrocephalus can occur.

Back 56

midbrain

Front 57

allows sampling and comparison of sensory data, which are received from the periphery and motor impulses of the cerebral hemispheres, for the purpose of coordination and refinement of skeletal muscle movement

major structures include the cerebellum and pons

Back 57

hindbrain

Front 58

Is the cerebellum ipsilateral or contralateral?

Back 58

ipsilateral

loss of control on the same side of the body as where the brain is affected

Front 59

Is the cerebral cortex ipsilateral or contralateral?

Back 59

contralateral

loss of control on the opposite side of the body as where the brain is affected

Front 60

responsible for the control of respiration (rate and relationship of inspiration to expiration), and location of cranial nerve (CN) V-VIII.

Back 60

pons

Front 61

responsible for:

Reflex activities- heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting, and location of CN IX-XII.

Back 61

medulla oblongata

Front 62

surrounds and protects the spinal cord

Back 62

vertebral column

Front 63

What are the sections of the spinal cord?

Back 63

8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
1 coccygeal

Front 64

form basic units that respond to stimuli and provide protective circuitry for motor output

includes a receptor, an afferent (sensory) neuron, an efferent (motor) neuron, and an effector muscle or gland

Back 64

reflex arc

Front 65

the junction between the axon of the motor neuron and the plasma membrane of the muscle cell

Back 65

neuromuscular (myoneural) junction

Front 66

The brain derives its arterial supply from what 2 systems?

Back 66

internal carotid arteries
vertebral arteries

Front 67

What are the major changes to the nervous system that occur with aging?

Back 67

Decreased number of neurons
Decrease in brain weight and size
Porgressive slowing of neurologic function

Front 68

- Pain impulses are transmitted from specialize skin receptors to the spinal cord through large A and small C fibers
-These fibers terminate in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
There, cells function as a gate, regulating transmission of impulses to the CNS.
-Stimulation of large fibers "closes the gate", which diminishes pain perception.
-Stimulation of small fibers "opens the gate", enhancing pain perception

Back 68

gate control theory

Front 69

specific areas of skin supplied with nerves of spinal cord segments

Back 69

dermatomes

Front 70

What are the 3 systems that interact to produce pain?

Back 70

1. Sensory/discriminative - processes info about intensity of pain

2. Motivational/affective - determines a person's learned approach/avoidance behavior

3. Cognitive/evaluative - interpretation of appropriate pain behavior (learned through culture, gender, and experience)

Front 71

pain with a known cause

Back 71

somatogenic pain

Front 72

pain for which there is no known physical cause

Back 72

psychogenic pain

Front 73

What are the 3 types of acute pain?

Back 73

somatic
visceral
referred

Front 74

superficial pain that is either sharp and well localized or dull, aching, and poorly localized and accompanied by N/V

Back 74

somatic pain

Front 75

pain in the internal organs, abdomen, or skeleton

poorly localized and is associated with N/V, hypotension, restlessness, and shock

Back 75

visceral pain

Front 76

pain that is present in an area removed or distant from its point of origin

the area is supplied by the same spinal segment as the actual site of pain

Back 76

referred pain

Front 77

pain that lasts for at least 3-6 months and may be persistant or intermittent

Back 77

chronic pain

Front 78

the point at which a stimulus is perceived as pain

Back 78

pain threshold

Front 79

the amount of pain a person will tolerate before responding to it

varies greatly among people and in the same person over time

Back 79

pain tolerance

Front 80

Temperature is controlled by the _________________.

Back 80

hypothalamus

Front 81

daily fluctuation of body temperature

Back 81

circadian rhythm

Front 82

resetting of the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher level in response to pyrogens

Back 82

fever

Front 83

Pyrogens work by releasing what?

Back 83

prostaglandins

Front 84

What are some of the benefits of fever?

Back 84

-Kills pathogens
-Decreases serum zinc, iron, and copper (needed for bacteria to replicate)
-Prevents viral replication
-Facilitates transport of lymphocytes and increases immune response
-Enhances phagocytosis

Front 85

What are the effects of fever on elderly people?

Back 85

- decreased or no fever response to infection so benefits are decreased

- high morbidity and mortality result from lack of beneficial aspects

Front 86

What is the effect of fever on children?

Back 86

they develop higher temperatures than adults for relatively minor infections

Front 87

What are some of the changes that occur during REM sleep?

Back 87

rapid eye movement
loss of muscle tone
loss of temp regulation
altered HR, BP, and respiration
many memorable dreams

Front 88

the inability to fall or stay asleep

Back 88

insomnia

Front 89

disorder in which the tongue or soft palate occludes the airway while sleeping

can cause high BP, MI, or stroke

Back 89

obstructive sleep apnea

Front 90

disorder in which one eye deviates from the other when the person is looking at an object

Back 90

strabismus

Front 91

reduced vision in the affected eye caused by cerebral blockage of the visual stimuli

accompanies diseases such as DM, renal failure, and malaria and alcohol/drug use

Back 91

amblyopia

Front 92

involuntary rhythmic movement of the eyes

Back 92

nystagmus

Front 93

an island-like blind spot in the visual field

associated with migraines

Back 93

scotoma

Front 94

cloudy or opaque area in the ocular lens

Back 94

cataract

Front 95

nearsightedness

can't see far away

Back 95

myopia

Front 96

farsightedness

can't see up close

Back 96

hyperopia

Front 97

unequal curvature of the cornea

light rays are bent unevenly and do not come to a single focus on the retina

Back 97

astigmatism

Front 98

What is the normal range of intraocular pressure (IOP)?

Back 98

12-20 mm Hg

Front 99

increased intraocular pressures (above 12-20 mm Hg)

caused by obstruction to the flow of the aqueous fluid

Back 99

glaucoma

Front 100

What does glaucoma cause?

Back 100

peripheral and central visual impairment and loss, which may lead to blindness

Front 101

What are the 5 categories of neurologic function?

Back 101

1. level of consciousness
2. pattern of breathing
3. size and reactivity of pupils
4. eye position and reflexive responses
5. skeletal muscle motor responses

Front 102

What is the treatment for a coma?

Back 102

treat the cause
supportive measures

Front 103

What are the nursing implications for a coma?

Back 103

assess neurologic function
notify doctor of any changes
talk to patient (hearing is last sense to go)

Front 104

loss of ability to think rapidly and clearly

impaired judgment and decision making

Back 104

confusion

Front 105

beginning loss of consciousness

disorientation to time followed by disorientation to place and impaired memory

lost last is recognition to self

Back 105

disorientation

Front 106

limited spontanteous movement or speech

easy arousal with normal speech or touch

may or may not be oriented to time, place, or person

Back 106

lethargy

Front 107

mild to moderate reduction in arousal (awakeness) with limited response to the environment

falls asleep unless stimulated verbally or tactilely

answers questions with minimal response

Back 107

obtundation

Front 108

a condition of deep sleep or unresponsiveness from which the person may be aroused or caused to open eyes only by vigorous/repeated stimulation

response is often withdrawal or grabbing at stimulus

Back 108

stupor

Front 109

no verbal response to external environment or to any stimuli

noxious stimuli (deep pain or suctioning) do not yield motor movement

Back 109

coma

Front 110

occurs when the brain is damaged so completely that it can never recover and cannot maintain the body's internal homeostasis

Back 110

brain death (brain stem death)

Front 111

death of the cerebral hemispheres exclusive of the brain stem and cerebellum

brain damage is permanent and the individual is forever unable to respond behaviorally in any significant way to the environment

the brain may continue to maintain internal homeostasis

Back 111

cerebral death (irreversible coma)