Neurological Phamacology

Front 1

Anticonvulsants

Back 1

Hydantoins
Carboxamides
Succinimides
Benzodiazepines
Barbituates
Miscellaneous

Front 2

Hydantoins - Examples

Back 2

phenytoin/Dilantin

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Hydantoins - Indications

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Treatment of generalised seizures, such as tonic-clonic seizures and status epilepticus.

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Hydantoins - Mechanism of Action

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Cause slow repolarisation during action potentials and decreased spread of seizure activity by decreasing sodium channel activity and reinflux of sodium.

Front 5

Carboxamides - Examples

Back 5

carbamazepine/Tegretol

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Carboxamides - Indications

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Treatment of generalised seizures, such as tonic-clonic seizures and status epilepticus.

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Carboxamides - Mechanism of Action

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Exact mechanism unclear. Causes increased stability of nerve cells by decreasing movement of sodium transport across cell membranes.

Front 8

Succinimides - Examples

Back 8

ethosuxamide/Zarontin

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Succinimides - Indications

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Treatment of generalised seizures, such as absent seizures.

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Succinimides - Mechanism of Action

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Cause increased stability of nerve cells, especially in the motor cortex of the brain, by increasing the threshold required to initiate action potentials.

Front 11

Benzodiazepines - Examples

Back 11

clonazepam
diazepam
lorazepam
midazolam

Front 12

Benzodiazepines - Indications

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Treatment of generalised seizures, such as myoclonic seizures, absent seizures, and status epilepticus.

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Beznodiazepines - Mechanism of Action

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Cause decreased action potentials by increasing inhibitory action of GABA neurotransmitter.

Front 14

Barbituates - Examples

Back 14

phenobarbitone

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Barbituates - Indications

Back 15

Treatment of simple and complex partial seizures, and generalised seizures, such as tonic-clonic seizures and status epilepticus.

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Barbituates - Mechanism of Action

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Cause decreased action potentials by increasing inhibitory action of GABA neurotransmitter.

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Miscellaneous Anticonvulsants - Examples

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lamotrigine/Lamictal/Lamidus
sodium valproate/Epilim
sulthiame/Ospolot
topiramate/Topamax

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Miscellaneous Anticonvulsants - Indications

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Treatment of seizures.

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Anticonvulsants in General - Adverse Effects

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- Commonly include headache, confusion, sedation, nystagmus, ataxia, myelosupression, gastrointestinal disturbance, and rashes.



Commonly include headache, confusion, sedation, nystagmus, ataxia, myelosupression, gastrointestinal disturbance, and rashes.

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Anticonvulsants in General - Monitoring Requirements

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It is prudent to monitor seizure activity to determine effectiveness. It is also prudent to monitor neurological effects, cardiovascular function, and renal function, and blood characteristics through full blood examination. Patients on anticonvulsants are to be educated about potential teratogenic adverse effects.

Front 21

Antiparkinsonian Agents

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Dopamine Agonists
Acetylcholine Antagonists
Adjuncts

Front 22

Dopamine Agonists - Examples

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amantadine/Symmetrel
apomorphine/Apomine
bromocriptine/Parlodel
carbidopa-methyldopa/Sinemet
levodopa-benserazide/Madopar
levodopa-carbidopa-entacapone/Stalevo
pramipexole/Sifrol
ropinirole/Appese/Repreve

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Dopamine Agonists - Indications

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Treatment of Parkinson's Disease.

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Dopamine Agonists - Mechanism of Action

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Cause increased action of dopamine by supplying the precursors to dopamine and increasing dopamine synthesis or stimulating dopamine receptors.

Front 25

Acetylcholine Antagonists - Examples

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benzhexol/Artane
benztropine/Cogentin
biperiden/Akineton

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Acetylcholine Antagonists - Indications

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Treatment of Parkinson's Disease.

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Acetylcholine Antagonists - Mechanism of Action

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Cause decreased action of acetylcholine by competing with acetylcholine for acetylcholine receptors.

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Acetylcholine Antagonists - Adverse Effects

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Commonly include disorientation, confusion, memory loss, agitation, delirium, dizziness, weakness, palpitations, tachycardia, hypotension, dry mouth, and constipation.

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Antiparksonian Agent Adjucts - Examples

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entacapone/Comtan
selegiline/Selgene/Eldepryl
tolcapone/Tasmar

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Antiparksonian Agent Adjuncts - Indications

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Support of antiparkinsonian agents.

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Antiparksonian Agent Adjuncts - Mechanism of Action

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Cause increased action of dopamine by increasing distribution and decreasing metabolism of dopamine.

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Antiparksonian Agents in General - Monitoring Requirements

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It is prudent to monitor neurological effects, cardiovascular function, gastrointestinal function, and renal function.

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Muscle Relaxants

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Centrally-Acting Muscle Relaxants
Direct-Acting Muscle Relaxants

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Centrally-Acting Muscle Relaxants - Examples

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baclofen/Lioresal
diazepam/Valium
orphenadrine/Norflex

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Centrally-Acting Muscle Relaxants - Indications

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Treatment of muscle spasticity, such as in multiple sclerosis and cerebral palsy, or due to spinal cord injuries.

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Centrally-Acting Muscle Relaxants - Mechanism of Action

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Cause decreased muscle spasm by decreasing reflexes in the central nervous system.

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Centrally-Acting Muscle Relaxants - Adverse Effects

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Commonly include CNS depression, headache, confusion, drowsiness, fatigue, insomnia, weakness, hypotension, dry mouth, anorexia, constipation, and urinary retention.

Front 38

Direct-Acting Muscle Relaxants - Examples

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botulinium toxin type A/Botox/Dysport
dantrolene/Dantrium

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Direct-Acting Muscle Relaxants - Mechanism of Action

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Cause decreased contraction of skeletal muscle tissue.

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Muscle Relaxants in General - Monitoring Requirements

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It is prudent to monitor muscle contraction to determine effectiveness. It is also prudent to monitor cardiovascular function, gastrointestinal function, and renal function.

Front 41

Antimigraine Agents

Back 41

Ergot Alkaloids
Triptans

Front 42

Ergot Alkaloids - Examples

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dihydroergotamine/Dihergot
ergotamine/Cafergot

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Ergot Alkaloids - Mechanism of Action

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Cause vasoconstriction of cranial blood vessels and decrease pulsation of cranial arteries

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Ergot Alkaloids - Adverse Effects

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Commonly include numbness and tingling in peripheries, arrhythmias, chest pain, muscle pain, localised œdema, and pruritis.
Signs of ergotism include confusion, dependence, withdrawal symptoms, chest pain, changed blood pressure, severe thirst, nausea, and emesis.

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Triptans - Examples

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rizatriptan/Maxalt
sumatriptan/Imigran/Sumagran/Sumatab
zolmitriptan/Zomig

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Triptans - Mechanism of Action

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Cause vasocontriction of cranial blood vessels.

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Triptans - Adverse Effects

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Commonly include numbness, tingling, and coldness in peripheries, dizziness, weakness, dysphagia, and abdominal discomfort.

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Antimigraine Agents in General - Monitoring Requirements

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It is prudent to monitor cardiovascular function, and gastrointestinal function.