Neurological Function, Assessment, And Therapeutic Measures

Front 1

The Nervous System

Back 1

The central nervous system ( CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord

The Peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of cranial nerves and spinal nerves which include the nerves of he automatic nervous system

Front 2

Nerve Tissue

Back 2

A NEURON may have one or more dendrites, Which are extensions that carry impulses toward the cell body. A neuron has one axon that transmits impulses away from the cell body. It is the cell membrane of the dendrites, cell body, and axon that carries the electrical nerve impulses

Front 3

Myelin

Back 3

Is a phospholipid that electrically insulates neurons from one another. The spaces between adjacent Schwann cells along an axon are called nodes of Ranivier (neurofibril nodes).

Front 4

synapes

Back 4

When the axon of a neuron must transmit an impulse to the dendrites or cell body of another neuron, the impulse must cross a small gap called a synapes. An electrical impulse is in capable of crossing the microscopic space, so it synapes impulse transmission becomes chemical. The end of the axon ( the presynaptic neuron) is called the synaptic end bulb and contains a chemicl neurotransmitter that is a released into the synapse by the arrival of the electrical impulse. The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synapse and combines with specific receptor sites on the postsynaptic membrane At excitatory synapses, the neurotransmitter makes the postsynaptic membrane more permeable to sodium ions, which rush into cell, initiating an electrical impulse on the membrane of the postsynaptic neurons

Front 5

Nerve impulse

Back 5

When a neuron is not carrying an impulse, it is in a state of polorization with a positive charge outside the membrane and relatively negative charge inside the membrane. Sodium ions are more abundant outside the cell and potassium and negative ions are more abundant inside the cell

A neuron is capable of transmitting hundreds of impulses per second, and at speeds of many meters per second

Front 6

Spinal Cord

Back 6

The central canal of the spinal cord is a small tunnel that is continuous with the ventricles of the brain, it contains cerebrospinal fluids (CSF)

Front 7

Spinal cord Reflexes

Back 7

A reflex is an involuntary =, predictable response to a stimulus, an automatic reaction triggered by a specific change. Spinal cord reflexes are those that do not depend directly on the brain, although the brain may inhibit or enhance them

Front 8

Ventricles

Back 8

The ventricles are four cavities within the brain, two lateral ventricles are located within the cerebrral hemispheres, the third ventricles lies midline within the thalmus, and the fourth ventricles is midline between the brainstem and cerebellum. Each ventricle contains a capillary network called a choroid plexus, which forms cerebrospinal fluid from blood plasma

Front 9

Medulla

Back 9

It regulates our most vital functions. Within the medulla are cardiac centers that regulate heaart rate, respiratory centers that regulate the diameter of blood vessels and therefore blood pressure

Front 10

Midbrain

Back 10

The midbrain extends from the pons to the hypothalamus and encloses the cerebral aqueduct, a tunnel that connects the third and fourth ventricles