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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name visual loss(es) which results in - Transient monocular visual loss (over minutes) |
Amaurosis fugax Transient cerebral ischaemia Migraine Papilloedema - by the optic nerve head in this visual loss an enlarged blind spot is usually detected, this is due to RICP (raised intracranial pressure) |
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Name visual loss(es) which results in - Optic nerve pathology developing over hours to days |
Optic neuritis - typical and atypical (central scotoma, lesion to the retrobulbar optic nerve) |
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Name visual loss(es) which results in - Optic nerve pathology over days or months |
* Compressive lesions - visual loss located in optic chiasm, scotoma shape is bitemporal hemianopia * Chronic inflammatory disease * Heredofamilial disease * Developmental anomalies (e.g. Optic disc drusen) * Psychogenic (non-organic) visual loss |
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Finish the sentence: Diseases of media of the eye typically cause____ |
Loss of acuity without a field defect |
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Finish the sentence: Ophthalmoscopically visible lesions of retina will cause focal scotomas but_______ |
Only rarely cause a relative afferent pupil defect |
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Finish the sentence: Optic nerve diseases cause scotomas which is typically______ |
Central but may also be altitudinal. Typically there is a relative afferent pupil defect. Optic disc swelling initially causes an enlarged blind spot. |
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Finish the sentence: Unilateral post-chiasmal lesions typically cause _______ |
homonymous field defects which allow normal visual acuity. |
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What 3 key clinical features of common pupil abnormalities are there? |
Relative afferent pupil defect Oculosympathetic lesion (Horner's syndrome) Parasympathetic lesions |
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Visual pathway lesions: diagnostic technologies |
Imaging - CT and MRI Ultrasound - especially for orbit and optic nerve head OCT (ocular coherence tomography) of retinal nerve fibre layer Fundus fluorescein angiography Electrodiagnostic studies |
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Another visual loss located in the Optic nerve head (not mentioned as categorised in previous question) |
In chronic glaucoma, located lesion of the optic nerve causing an arcuate scotoma shape. |
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In lesions to the location of the retrobulbar optic nerve what visual loss occurs and the shape of the scotoma? |
Optic neuritis and the shape of the scotoma is central |
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What is Horner's syndrome? |
A combination of signs and symptoms caused by the disruption of a nerve pathway from the brain to the face and eye on one side of the body. Typically results in a deceased pupil size, a drooping eyelid and decreased sweating on the affected side of your face. |
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Horner's syndrome: Clinical and pharmacological testing |
Cocaine/ Hydroxy amphetamine/ Iopidine |
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Horner's syndrome: causes |
Lesion/insult to the carotid artery i.e. carotid artery dissection (a tear thus disrupting blood flow) Pain (migraine or cluster headaches). Stroke |
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What is parasympathetic paresis? What are the red flag features? |
A reaction of a pupil that is poorly dilated. * New onset ptosis * New onset double vision * Pain around eye and new headache |
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What is aneurysmal 3rd nerve palsy? Why does it matter? |
Compression of oculomotor nerve (CN iii) by a swollen adjacent atery. There is a risk of rupture (of the swollen adjacent artery) and thus sub-arachnoid haemorrhage. |
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Name six syndromes of the afferent visual system Given by - (Location of lesion; shape of scotoma) |
1. Chorio-retinal lesions; focal 2. Retinal nerve fibre layer/ganglion cells; caeco-central or construction 3. Optic nerve head; enlarged blind spot, altitudinal & arcuate 4. Retrobulbar optic nerve; central 5. Optic chiasm; bitemporal hemianopia 6. Retrochiasmal; homonymous hemianopia |
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In retinal ganglion cells loss of ____ what causes caeco-central scotoma? |
Loss of foveal projections |
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Name visual loss(es) which results in - Sudden, irreversible monocular blindness |
Primary intraocular pathology Retinal vascular occlusion Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy - by the optic nerve head an attitudinal scotoma can be seen in this visual loss, (optic neuropathy) Lebers Hereditary optic neuropathy - due to degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and their axons (optic nerve atrophy) |
