Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what is trephination?
|
process of making holes in the skull to relieve pressure or release spirits
|
|
|
when was trephin skull discovered?
|
1685 in France
|
|
|
where were most holes found in trephin skulls?
|
parietal lobe
|
|
|
how can we prove some trephin skulls were surgeries?
|
there were signs of regrowth indicating the person lived after the trephination
|
|
|
how many trephin skulls were surgeries?
|
63%
|
|
|
where did the trephination stop (what layer?) why?
|
duramatter if you go much farther you risk infection
|
|
|
what were the 3 reasons surgeries were performed?
|
tribal rituals, treat disorders, treating depressed skull fractures
|
|
|
what did the egyptians believe was the seat of the soul?
|
the heart, the brain was often not even stored
|
|
|
what did hippocrates believe?
|
the brain is the seat of the mind, he completed "on the sacred disease" about epilepsy.
|
|
|
what did plato believe?
|
rational part of soul is in the brain\
|
|
|
what did aristotle believe?
|
source of thought is the heart because the heart is warm and the brain is cold. also because chick embryos develop hearts first, he thought the brain cooled the body
|
|
|
what did Galen believe?
|
he was a roman physician to the gladiators, based on effect of brain injuries brain has 3 functions: imagination, cognition, and memory.
|
|
|
what did the catholic church theorize in the 4th and 5th centuries?
|
that cognitive fxn is associated with the ventricles in the brain.
|
|
|
what did lenardo da vinci contribute to neuroscience?
|
created first anatomically correct drawings of ventricles based on wax molds from a cow's brain. still believed they had a cognitive function
|
|
|
who was thomas willis?
|
found the circle of willis which is where all arteries come together in the cerebral gyri. major shift away from ventricles
|
|
|
who was rene descartes?
|
created dualism, mind and body are seperate but interact in the pineal gland
|
|
|
what did charles bell and francious magendie do?
|
created the bell magendie law that says ventral roots of the spinal cord are motor and dorsal roots are sensory, influenced people to look at seperation in the brain
|
|
|
what happens in the 18th to 19th century?
|
cardiocentric beliefs are abolished in favor of neurocentric.
|
|
|
what were the two sides to the scientific debate?
|
different fxns/abliities are controlled by different parts of teh brain vs brain works as a whole
|
|
|
who was franz joseph gall?
|
created phrenology
|
|
|
what is phrenology?
|
the study of the surface of the skull because it was supposed to indicate the development of the brain
|
|
|
what does it mean in phrenology if you have a bump on your skull? what about a depression?
|
bump=well developed gyrus
depression=underdeveloped gyrus |
|
|
how did gall come up with his theory?
|
when he was in elementary school he realized the student with a good memory had bulging eyes.
|
|
|
what was a problem with Galls methodology?
|
he only studied the extremes of society, lunatics/geniuses
|
|
|
what are some main problems with phrenology?
|
some things are hard to define (faith), surface of skull doesn't indicate anything, used to assess personality.
|
|
|
what were some gender differences in phrenology?
|
men have more pride and energy, women have more love of home and domestic propensities
|
|
|
what is one thing gall did correctly?
|
tried to use emperical research
|
|
|
who was paul broca?
|
strict localizationist who localized language.
|
|
|
who is wernike?
|
localizationist, identified speech comprehension to be in left temporal lobe on superior temporal gyrus.
|
|
|
where is speech?
|
left frontal lobe
|
|
|
where is language?
|
left temporal lobe
|
|
|
explain the pathway an auditory stimulation takes
|
hear question, to wernikes area to understand question, to brocas area to construct answer
|
|
|
who were Eduard Hitzig and Gustave Fritsch?
|
discovered cortical motor area in dog in 1870, proved that localization is not restricted to language, refuted flouren's conclusion that cortex is not directly involved in movement.
|
|
|
where were hitzig and fritsch stimulating?
|
the primary motor cortex
|
|
|
who tried to disprove H&F?
|
Goltz, used water pressure instead of electricity and was discredited because it was shown his lesions were not as deep as he claimed they were.
|
|
|
who was sir david ferrier?
|
he replicated H&F but more precisely (ears toes etc)
|
|
|
who was john hulings-Jackson?
|
discovered that damage to the highest levels of the nervous system (cortex) would lad to loss of higher order behavior functions but lower order were still functioning. this presented the concept of hierarchical organization.
|
|
|
what were the 3 specific tools used in the article?
|
1. lesion 2. symptom complex method (wernike) 3. single case study
|
|
|
who was normal geshwind?
|
realized what a genius wernike was, inter disciplinary work played role in neurology and neuro imaging.
|
|
|
who was brocas patient?
|
"tan"
|
|
|
who was marie-jean-pierre flourens?
|
discredited phrenology after removing or lesioning different parts of cortex which impacted animals very little.
|
|
|
why did flourens get the results he did?
|
he used animals with less cortical dependency, may have used very young animals (neuroplasticity) and was blinded by bias
|
|
|
what is the mass action doctrine?
|
entire cortext participates in every function.
|
|
|
what is equipotentiality?
|
each area of the cortex is equally able to assume control over any behavior
|
|
|
what is the irony between gall and flourens?
|
gall had good methodology but was wrong, flourens had bad methodolgy but was correct.
|
|
|
what was tan's real name?
|
leborgne
|
|
|
what was wrong with tan?
|
there was a lesion in his left frontal lobe associated with impared speech ,right hemoplesia, and epilepsy.
|
|
|
why is broca credited with brocas area instead of gall?
|
his paper was rich in detail, discussed in articulate language instead of just talking, site differed from phrenologist.
|
|
|
what are the fxns of the cerebellum?
|
coordination, integration of primary motor and sensory function, timing, sequence, coordination of muscle activation. role in cognition and memory. also motor learning
|
|
|
what are the two centers of the midbrain?
|
visual reflex center (superior colliculus)
auditory reflex center ( inferior colliculus) |
|
|
what are the 2 important dopamenergic nuclei in the midbrain?
|
substansia nigra and the ventral tegmental
|
|
|
what does the substansia nigra do?
|
is the primary dopamenergic source to the basil ganglia, regulates extra pyrimidal motor fxn
|
|
|
what does the ventral tegmental nuclei do?
|
source of dopamenergic neurons projecting to limbic structures and neo cortex, has some seratonin centers.
|
|
|
what is the periaqueductal gray matter and what does it do?
|
is part of the limbic system, modulation of pain sensation, defensive reaction to immediate threat, emotional expression, sexual behavior, feeding metabolism,
|
|
|
what groups is the reticular formation broken into?
|
1. paramedian zone 2. medial zone 3. lateral zone
|
|
|
what does the rosteral nuclei do? where is it found?
|
in reticular formation, arousal consciousness, waking state
|
|
|
what is the caudal nuclei and whre is it found?
|
in reticular formation, breathing and other reflexes.
|
|
|
what is are the similarity/difference between neuropsychiatrists and psychiatrists?
|
both have MD np's have courses in neuroscience.
|
|
|
what are some positive/negatives on behavior neurologic exams?
|
less $, simple, less time, but not standardized, quantitative, relies on skill of examiner.
|
|
|
what methods does a psychiatrist use?
|
quantitative, standardized
|
|
|
what techniques does a neurologist use?
|
qualitative unstandardized
|
|
|
where does the spinal cord end?
|
at the foramen magnum
|
|
|
explain how an injury to brain can kill you
|
if your brain swells it will try to escape through the foramen magnum squashing your medulla
|
|
|
explain the pathway from medulla to midbrain
|
medulla, pons, midbrain
|
|
|
what does the pons do?
|
its the bridge from the cerebrum to the cerebellum
|
|
|
what are the parts of the midbrain?
|
tectum (RL superior colliculi) tegmentum (RL inferior colliculi), substansia nigra, red nucleus, ventral tegmental area, periaqueductal grey
|
|
|
what are the parts of the diensephalon?
|
thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland
|
|
|
what is the function of th reticular formation?
|
awareness, arousal
|
|
|
what is the function of the thalamus?
|
relay center for most senses (not olfactory) also involved in higer level cognitive (executive) fxn organizing planning etc.
|
|
|
where is the basal ganglia compared to the thalamus?
|
lateral and superior
|
|
|
what are the parts of the basal ganglia?
|
caudate, putamen, substansia nigra, globus pallidus.
|
|
|
what are the fxns of the basal ganglia?
|
motor fxn, executive fxn, motivation
|
|
|
what is the striatum?
|
caudate and putamen because it's striped
|
|
|
explain HM's procedure
|
he had epilepsy so they tried to take out part of his limbic system and he lost his eposdic memory. He retained his procedural memory.
|
|
|
what fxn does the frontal lobe have?
|
executive fxn, personality, language
|
|
|
what fxn does the occipital lobe have?
|
visual
|
|
|
what fxn does the temporal lobe have
|
hearing emotion amygdala language comprension and object recognition
|
|
|
what fxn does the parietal lobe have?
|
spatial fxns, primary and secondary senses
|
|
|
what is primary and secondary senses?
|
primary-something touched me
secondary-a pen poked me |
|
|
what is white matter?
|
pathways.
|
