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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the states of coonsciousness?
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Consciousness-->drowsiness or agitation-->obtundation-->stupor
-->unconsciousness (COMA) |
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In what two terms can consciousness be described?
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wakefulness and awareness
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What is a coma?
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Impairment of consciousness with loss of wakefulness
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What two events can cause comas?
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Widespread interruption of neuronal function or small lesions in the brain stem which lead to metabolic derangement of neuronal function
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What characterizes a chronic vegetative state?
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Awareness stops at the brain stem. People can only perform the most primitive reflex movements.
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What is dementia?
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The irreversible loss of memories and cognitive function
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What is brain death?
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The irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain including the brain stem.
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Why is the brain vulnerable to disease?
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1. Neurons are post-mitotic.
2. Brain tissue is non-homogeneous. 3. The brain has a unique blood supply. 4. Th physical location of the brain. |
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What is the largest opening in the cranium?
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The foramen magnum
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What is ischemia?
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Brain is deprived of oxygen.
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What is edema?
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Swelling of the brain
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What is a cerebral hemorrhage.
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Rupture of a brain artery
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What is an aneurysm?
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Thinning of the arterial wall due to a developmental defect, which leads to a ballooning out of the artery under the pressure of the circulating blood
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Where are most aneurysms located?
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Circle of Willis
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What is an epidural hematoma?
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Blood fills the epidural space
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What is a subdural hematoma?
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Venous bleeding between the dura and arachnoid meninges
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What is the most common benign tumor in the cranial cavity and from what does it arise?
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Meningioma, connective tissue of the dura mater
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From what are most intracranial tumors derived?
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Astrocytes
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What is meningitis?
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An infection of the meninges by bacteria or viral agents resulting in an inflammatory response
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What is a major symptom of Alzheimer's disease?
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The gradual development of forgetfulness
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What is seen histologically in Alzheimer's patients?
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neurofibrillary tangles and plaques, loss of cholinergic neurons in the basal nucleus of Meynert
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What is Parkinson's disease?
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A severe movement disorder
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What are the four cardinal symptoms of Parkinson's?
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Tremor at rest, rigidity, postural instability, bradykinesia
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What is the major pharmacological abnormality present in Parkinson's?
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Dopamine deficiency
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What is the main anatomical change in Parkinson's?
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Loss of neurons in the substantia nigra
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What are the two basic strategies that can be used to treat Parkinson's Disease?
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1. Decrease the acetylcholine in the striatal neurons
2. Increase the dopamine in the striatum |
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Why will dopamine in the bloodstream not enter the brain?
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The blood/brain barrier
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To combat the fact that dopamine cannot enter the brain, what can doctors do?
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Substitute L-dopa
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What is Huntington's Disease characterized by?
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Progressive, dance-like movements and dementia
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What is Huntington's Disease caused by?
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Autosomal dominant disease
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What are the clinical features of tardive dyskinesia?
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Writhing movements of the lips, jaw, tongue, face, and other parts of the body
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What 5 ideas does the dopamine-acetycholine balance postulate?
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1. Dopamine deficiency causes parkinsonism
2. Anticholinergics improve parkinsonism 3. Dopamine excess cause chorea and choreaform disorders 4. Dopamine blockers improve chorea 5. Cholinergic compounds improve chorea |
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What is the pathology of multiple sclerosis?
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Demyelination of axons
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