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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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processes information about the strength, intensity, and temporal and spatial aspects of pain; result in prompt withdrawal from painful stimulus
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Sensory
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determines the individual's conditioned or learned approach/avoidance behaviors
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Motivational
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individual's learned behavior concerning the experience of pain (cultural preferences, life experience)
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Cognitive
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pain with a known case
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somatogenic pain
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pain for which no physical cause can be diagnosed
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psychogenic pain
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protective mechanism that alerts the individual to a condition or experience that is immediately harmful to the body
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Acute pain
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superficial or coming from the skin or close to the surface of the body, either sharp and well localized or dull, aching, and poorly localized
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somatic
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pain in internal organs, the abdomen, or skeleton; poorly localized n/v, hypotension, restlessness
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visceral
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pain that is present in an area removed or distant from its point of origin ex. heart attack
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referred
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persistent- usually defined as lasting at least 3-6 months, normally more than 6 months; persistent or intermittent
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chronic pain
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chronic pain results from abnormal processing of sensory information by the peripheral and CNS
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Neuropathic pain
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chronic pain- the result of trauma or disease to peripheral nerves, such as diabetic neuropathy
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Peripheral pain
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caused by a lesion or dysfunction in the brain or spinal cord
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central pain
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severe pain occuring along the course of a peripheral nerve (pain from a damaged peripheral nerve)
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neuralgia
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normally occurs 1-2 weeks after injury to the brachial plexus, median nerves, or syatic nerves. may cause discoloration
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causalgia
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after a peripheral nerve injury and causes continuous severe burning pain, vasospasm, and vasomotor changes; light tough may cause pain
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Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophies
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increased sensitivity and decreased pain threshold to tactile and painful stimuli
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hyperesthesias
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2nd most common chronic pain condition; pain results from muscle spasm, tenderness, or stiffness
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Myofascial pain syndrome
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pain results from muscle spasm, tenderness, stiffness
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Myofascial pain syndrome
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loss of ability to identify source of pain on one side of the body
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Hemiagnosia
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pain experience in amputated limb
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phantom limb pain
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small hypersensitive regions in muscle or connective tissues
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Trigger points
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the lowest intensity at which a stimulus is perceived as pain
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pain threshold
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the amount of time or intensity of pain that an individual will endure before initiating pain responses
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pain tolerance
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achieved through precise balancing of heat production, heat conservation, and heat loss
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temperature regulation
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Temperature and sleep are regulated by what?
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hypothalamus
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"resetting of the hypothalamic thermostat"
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fever
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cooling of core temperature in body
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hypothermia
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marked warming of core temperature
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hyperthermia
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severe, spasmodic cramps in the abdomen and extremities that follow prolonged sweating and associated with sodium loss
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heat cramps
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results from prolonged high core or environmental temperatures
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heat exhaustion
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a potentially lethal result of overstressed theromoregulatory center
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heat stroke
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potentially lethal complication of a rare inherited muscle disorder that may be triggered by inhaled anesthetics and depolarizing muscle relaxants
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malignant hyperthermia
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an active, multiphase process
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sleep
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when does REM sleep occur?
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every 90 min beginning 1 to 2 hours after non-REM begins
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dreaming occurs during this sleep phase
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REM
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REM sleep accounts for how much sleep time?
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20-25%
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non-REM sleep accounts for how much sleep time?
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75-80%
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inability to fall asleep
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insomnia
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a type of sleep-disordered breathing, caused by increaed airflow obstuction
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Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome
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upper airway obstuction recurring during sleep with excessive snoring
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obstuctive sleep apnea (OSA)
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unusual behaviors occuring during sleep
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Parasomnias
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Somnambulism
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sleepwalking
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night terrors
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characterized by sudden apparent arousals in which the child expresses intense fear or emotion
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one eye deviates from the other when the person is looking at an object
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strabismus
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reduced vision in the affected eye; reduced or dimmed vision
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Amblyopia
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involuntary rhythmic movement of the eyes
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nystagmus
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cloudy area in ocular lens commonly as a result of degeneration; yellowing
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cataract
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normal ocular pressure (IOP)
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12-20 mm Hg
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obstruction to the flow of the aqueous fluid leads to increased IOP; greater than 20
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Glaucoma
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a severe and irreversible loss of vision and a major cause of blindness in older individuals
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Age-related mascular degeneration (AMD)
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occurs when a change in the outer or middle ear impairs conduction of the sound from the outer to the inner ear
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conductive hearing loss
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caused by impairment of the organ of Corti or its central connections
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sensorineural hearing loss
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most common form of sensorineural hearing loss and is especially common in elderly
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Presbycusis
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caused by a combination of conductive and sensorineural losses
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mixed hearing loss
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the individual does not respond to voice and appears to not hear
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fuctional hearing loss
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disorder of the middle ear
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meniere disease
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infection of the outer ear (swimmers ear)
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Otitis externa
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infection of ear in infants or children
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Otitis media
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associated with ear pain, fever, irritability, inflamed tympanic membrane, and fluid in the middle ear
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acute otitis media (AOM)
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the presence of fluid in the middle ear w/o symptoms of acute infection
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Otitis media with effusion (OME)
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Primary taste sensations
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sour, salty, sweet, bitter
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impaired sense of smell
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hyposmia
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complete loss of smell
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anosmia
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smelling odors that are not really present
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olfactory hallucinations
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abnormal or perverted sense of smell
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parosmia
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decrease in taste sensation
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hypogeusia
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an absense of the sense of taste
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ageusia
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perversion of taste in which substances posses an unpleasant flavor
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dysgeusia
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5 categories of neurological fuction
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level of consciousness
pattern of breathing pupillary changes oculomotor responses motor responses |
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loss of ability to think rapidly and clearly
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confusion
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beginning loss of consciousness
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disorientation
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limited spontaneous movement or speech
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lethargy
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mild to moderate reduction in arousal with limited response to the environment
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obtundation
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a condition of deep sleep or unresponsiveness from where the person may be aroused or caused to open eyes only by vigorous and repeated stimulation
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stupor
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altered level of conciousness or level of arousal; no verbal response to external stimuli
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coma
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associated with purposeful movement on stimulation
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light coma
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associated with nonpurposeful movement only on stimulation
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coma
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assoicated with unresponsiveness or no response to any stimuli
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deep coma
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causes of coma
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hypoxia, hypoglycemia, being put into a coma, toxins, drugs, infection, meningitis, tumors, trauma, emboli, hemorrhage, edema, etc
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Brain death
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completion of all therapeutic procedures, unresponsiveness coma, no spontaneous respiration, no ocular responses, flat EEG, presistence of these signs for 30 min-1 hr 6 hrs after onset, test indicating absense of cerebral circulation
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death of the cerebral hemispheres exclusive of the brain stem and cerebellum
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cerebral death (irreversible coma)
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when a person loses cerebral function and brain stem can maintain crude waking state
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vegetative state
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survivors of coma; these persons may follow simple commands, blink, smile, gesture yes/no
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Minimally Conscious State (MCS)
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the individual cannot communicate through speech or body movement but is fully conscious
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Lock-In Syndrome
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the breathing pattern has a smooth increase in the rate and depth of breathing which peaks and is followed by a gradual decrease
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Cheyne-Stokes respirations
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A prolonged inspiratory cramp
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apneusis
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completely irregular breathing occurs
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ataxic breathing
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decorticate
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flexion of arms, wrists, and fingers with adduction in extremities
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decerebrate
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all 4 extremities in rigid extension, forarm and plantar extension of feet
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sudden, explosive, disorderly discharge of cerebral neurons and is characterized by a sudden, transient alteration in brain function
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seizure
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a parital seizure
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aura
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early CM such as malaise, headache, and a sense of depression
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prodroma
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a state of muscle contraction
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tonic phase
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a state of alternating concentration and relaxtion of muscles
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clonic phase
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the time period immediately following the cessation of seizure activity
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postictal phase
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a failure to recognize the form and nature of objects
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agnosia
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Types of agnosia
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tactile=touch
spatial=unable to find their way around the house agraphia=inability to write |
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impairment of comprehension of production of language
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dysphagia
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loss of the comprehension or production of language
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aphasia
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result from cerebral dysfunction secondary to drug intoxication, metabolic disorder, or nervous system disease
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Acute confusional states (ACS)
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an ACS associated with overactivity, typically develops over 2-3 days seen in difficulty concentrating, restlessness, irritability
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delirium
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a progressive failure of many cerebral functions not caused by impaired level on consciousness
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Chronic: Dementia
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Alzheimer's Disease
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type of dementia, decrease in acetylcholine secreting neurons, cause- unknown, plaquelike material known as senile plaque
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Intracranial pressure (ICP)
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normal is 5-15 mm Hg
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may result from an increase in intracranial content (as occurs with tumor growth), edmea, excess CSF, or hemorrhage
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Increased intracranial pressure (IICP)
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the uniform resistance may be interrupted by a series of brief jerks resulting in movements much like a rachet
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Cogwheel
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decreased muscle tone
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hypotonia
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increased muscle tone
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hypertonia
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decreased movement
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hypokinesia
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excessive movement
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hyperkinesia
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abnormal involuntary movement
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dyskinesia
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a decrease in associated and voluntary movements; decrease in dopamine; Parkinson's
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akinesia
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slowness of voluntary movements
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bradykinesia
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Parkinson's disease
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degenerative disease involving dopamine receptors
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bruising of the brain
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contusion
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tearing of the veins and a rapidly forming pool of blood
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hematomas
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a blow to the brain
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concussion
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whiplash
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jerking and streching of the neck muscles
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a structural defect of the spine
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spondylolysis
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occurs when a vertebra slides forward in relation to the vertebra; graded from 1-4, normally in L5-S1
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spondylolisthesis
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a narrowing of the spinal canal that causes pressure on the spinal cord
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spinal stenosis
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rupture of an intervetrebral disk usually is caused by trauma, DDD, or both
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Herniated Intervertebral Disc
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inflammation of sciatic nerve
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Sciatica
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loss of bowel or bladder function, numbness or inflammation in extremity
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Neuropathy
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nerve roots are injured or damaged by inflammation or trauma
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Radiculopathy
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most frequently occuring neurologic disorder
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Cerebralvascular disorders
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leading cause of disability in the U.S.
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Cerebrovascular accidents
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arise from arterial occulsions caused by thrombi formation in arteries suppling the brain or inracranial vessels
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thrombotic
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temporary decreases in brain blood flow resulting in brief changes in brain function including changes in vision, speech, motor function, or symptoms of dizziness or loss of conciousness
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Transient ischemia attack (TIA)
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are smaller than 1 cm in diameter and involve the small proliferating arteries
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Lacunar strokes
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an area of the brain loses its blood supply beacuse of vascular occulsion
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cerebral infarction
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weakening of the wall of the artery
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aneurysm
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a tangled mass of dilated blood vessels creating abnormal channels between the arterial and venous systems
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AVM Arterio-venous Malformation
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blood escapes from a defective or injured vessel into the subarachnoid space
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subarachnoid hemorrhage
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infection of the meninges
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meningitis
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inability to extend the leg with the hip flexed at a right angle; patient is laying down and you try to bend their leg up to their abdomen and straighten it
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Kernig's sign
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patient laying down and bend neck forward, makes them flex their hips and knees
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Brudzinski sign
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Causes of Meningitis
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Bacterial, viral, fungal, TB
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localized collections of pus within the parenchyma of the brain and spinal cord
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abcess
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an actue febrile illness, viral origin, normally from mosquito of herpes virus
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Encephalitis
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Lyme Disease
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caused by deer tick
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degenerative disorder diffusely involving lower and upper motor neurons resulting in progressive muscle weakness
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
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disorder involving destruction of the CNS myelin.
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Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
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a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue. defect in nerve impulse transmission at the neuromuscular junction (in CNS)
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Myasthenia Gravis
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acquired inflammatory disease caused by viral illness, causes progressive paralysis of muscle, starts at feet and moves up
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Guillain Barre Syndrome
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compromise both encapsulated and nonencapsulated or invasive tumors
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gilomas
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expand and infiltrate into the normal surrounding brain tissue
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astrocytoma
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