Neurologic System

Front 1

The CNS consists of:

Back 1

brain and spinal cord

Front 2

The PNS consists of:

Back 2

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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Afferent pathways

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carries impulses toward the CNS

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Efferent pathways

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carries impulses away from the CNS

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Effector organs

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the organs that the nerves innervate

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Somatic system

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in charge of voluntary movement

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types of nerves in the somatic system:

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sensory and motor

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Autonomic nervous system

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controls involuntary movement

Front 9

The two subdivisions of the ANS:

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sympathetic and parasympathetic

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sympathetic

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fight-or-flight

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the ANS regulates:

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homeostasis

Front 12

parasympathetic

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relax, slows heart, vascular tone

Front 13

the parasympathetic lacks ___ that sympathetic has

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widespread response

Front 14

neurons

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the primary cell of the neurologic system

Front 15

a neurons primary food source is:

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glucose

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neurons can ___ to maintain the body's homeostasis.

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scan the environment, integrate information, and initiate responses

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neurons tell body to:

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respond

Front 18

neuroglia

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cells in the CNS

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schwann cells are located in:

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the PNS

Front 20

myelinated neurons conduct impulses ___ than unmyelinated neurons

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faster

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the three types of neurons

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sensory, interneurons, and motor

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sensory neurons

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carry impulse from peripheral stimulators to the CNS

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interneurons/associated neurons

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carry impulses from neuron to neuron

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motor neurons

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carry impulse away from CNS to effector organ

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synapse

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the space between neurons

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presynaptic neuron

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conduct impulse toward synapse

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postsynaptic neuron

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conduct impulse away from synapse

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synaptic cleft

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another word for the spcace between neurons

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neurotransmitters

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a chemical that must be synthesized in the neuron, release in the synaptic cleft, bind to a receptor site on the postsynaptic membrane of another neuron, where it affects ion channels, and is removed by a specific mechanism from its site of action

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eight types of neurotransmitters

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acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, histamine, GABA, endorphines, and substance P

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when there is an injury to the spine:

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the areas and the organs that are innervated below that level are effected

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dermatomes

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areas of skin innervation at spinal cord segments

Front 33

Alzheimer disease is associated with a decrease in acetylcholine secreting neurons

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a clinical example of acetylcholine dysfunction

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alzheimer disease

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a type of senile dementia

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cocaine and amphetamines, resulting in overstimulation of postsynaptic neurons

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a clinical example of norepinephrine dysfunction

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use of cocaine and amphetamines:

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increase the release and block the uptake of norepinephrine

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myasthenia gravis results from a reduction in acetylcholine receptors

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a clinical example of acetylcholine dysfunction

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myasthenia gravis

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weakness of skeletal muscle

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involved with mood, anxiety, and sleep induction

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clinical examples of serotonin dysfunction

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levels of serotonin are ___ in schizophrenia.

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elevated

Front 41

parkinson disease results from:

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destruction of dopamine-secreting neurons

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parkinson disease

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depression of voluntary motor control

Front 43

drugs used to increase dopamine production induce:

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vomiting and schziophrenia

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dopamine is involved in:

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the pleasure pathway

Front 45

there are no clear indication of ___ -associated pathologic conditions

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histamine

Front 46

drugs that incease ___ function have been used to treat epilepsy

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GABA/ gamma-aminobutyric acid

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epilepsy

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excessive discharge of neuron

Front 48

the opiates morphine and heroin bind to ___ and ___ receptors on presynaptic neurons and reduce pain by blocking the release of neurotransmitter

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endorphines and enkephalins

Front 49

___ is apparently involved with arousal, pituitary hormone secretion, control of ceberal circulation and thermoregulation

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histamine

Front 50

a neurotransmitter in pain transmission pathways; blocking its release by morphine reduces pain

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substance P

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hindbrain

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brain stem

Front 52

a person who experiences death in the hindbrain will experience:

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physiological death

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pons controls:

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respiration

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forebrain controls:

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cerebral impulses and function on the opposite side of the body

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cranial nerve I

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Olfactory

Front 56

olfactory fibers arise from ___ and form synapses with ___, which transmit impules to ___

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nasal olfactory epithelium olfactory bulbs
temporal lobe via the olfactory tract

Front 57

the function of the olfactory nerve

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purely sensory; carries impulses for sense of smell

Front 58

cranial nerve II

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optic

Front 59

optic fibers arise from ___ to form optic nerve, which passes through ___; two optic nerves then form the ___ and eventually end in ___

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retina of the eye
sphenoid bone
optic chiasma
occipital cortex

Front 60

the function of the optic nerve

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sensory impulses for vision

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cranial nerve III

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oculomotor

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oculomotor fibers arise from

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midbrain and exit from skull to run to eye

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oculomotor contains

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motor fibers to inferior oblique, superior, inferior, and medial rectus extraocular muscles that direct eyeball; levator muscles of eyelid; smooth muscles of irisand ciliary body; and propreception to brain from extraocular muscles

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cranial nerve IV

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trochlear

Front 65

trochlear fibers emerge from

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posterior midbrain and exit from skull and run to eye

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oculomotor controls

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pupil size

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trochlear controls

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eye movement

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trochlear functions

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proprioceptor and motor fibers for superor oblique muscle of eye

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cranial nerve V

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trigeminal

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trigeminal controls the ability to:

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determine hot and cold

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trigeminal fibers emerge from:

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pons and from three divisions that exit from skull and run to face and cranial dura mater

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trigeminal nerve functions:

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both motor and sensory for face; conducts sensory impulses from mouth, nose, surface of eye, and dura mater; also contains motor fibers that stimulate chewing muscles

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cranial nerve VI

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abducens

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abducens controls the ability to:

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move eye from side to side

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abducens fibers leave:

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inferior pons and exit from skull to run to eye

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abducens contains

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motor fibers to lateral rectus muscle and proprioceptor fibers from same muscle to brain

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cranial nerve VII

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facial

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facial fibers leave

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pons and travel through temporal bone to reach face

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facial nerve functions:

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mixed (1) supplies motor fibers to muscles of facial expression and to lacrimal and salivary glands (2) carries sensory fibers from taste buds of anterior part of tongue

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cranial nerve VIII

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acoustic

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acoustic controls

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hearing by airway conduction

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acoustic fibers run from

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ear (hearing and equilibrium receptors in temporal bone) to enter brain stem just below pons

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acoustic functions

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purely sensory; vestibular branch transmits impulses for sense of equilibrium; cochlear ranch transmits impulses for sense of hearing

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cranial nerve IX

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glossopharyngeal

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glossopharyngeal is in charge of

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gag reflex, swallowing, and taste on back of tongue

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glossopharyngeal fibers emerge from

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midbrain and leave skull to run to throat

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glossopharyngeal functions

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mixed (1) motor fibers serve pharynx and salivary glands, and (2) sensory fibers carry impulses from pharynx, posterior tongue, and pressure receptors of carotid artery

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cranial nerve X

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vagus

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vagus nerve fibers emerge from

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medulla, pass through skull, and descend through neck region into thorax and abdominal region

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vagus functions

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fibers carry sensory and motor impulses for pharynx; a large part of this nerve is parasympathetic motor fibers, which supply smooth muscles of abdominal organs; transmits sensory impulses from viscera

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vagus nerve is controlled by

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ANS

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vagus nerve is responsibe for

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muscle and vascular tone

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vagus nerve is stimulated when

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heart rate decreases

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cranial nerve XI

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spinal accessory

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spinal accessory fibers arise from

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medulla and superior spinal cord and travel to muscles of the neck and back

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spinal accessory functions

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provides motor fibers for sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles and muscles of soft palate, pharynx and larynx

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spinal accessory controls

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neck muscles and shoulder strength

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cranial nerve XII

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hypoglossal

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hyoglossal fibers arise

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from medulla an exit from skull to travel to tongue

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hypoglossal functions

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carries motor fibers to muscles of tongue