Neurologic System

Front 1

Ipsilateral

Back 1

all signs above neck; lesion affecting a cranial nerve would give signs and symptoms to the same side of head lesion is found.

Front 2

Contralateral

Back 2

All signs below neck; signs and symptoms would occur on the opposite side of the lesion.

Front 3

Mydriasis

Back 3

pupillary dilation..in response to less light.

Front 4

Miosis

Back 4

Pupillary constriction. Oculomotor nerve releases acetylcholine which acts on receptors.

Front 5

Diplopia

Back 5

double vision

Front 6

Nystagmus

Back 6

rhythmic, involuntary, unilateral or bilateral movement of the eyes.

Front 7

Papilledema

Back 7

Optic nerve swelling, caused by venous return from the retina because of increased intracranial pressure.

Front 8

Cataracts

Back 8

Cloudy area of the lens results from protein coagulation.

Front 9

Glaucoma
2 types-Open and closed angle.

Back 9

Elevation if intraocular pressure.
Open Angle-painless, slow loss of peripheral vision.

Closed-Angle closes suddenly and unexpedtely. Acute pain, blurred vision, halos around objects.

Front 10

Macular degeneration

Back 10

Sever and irreversible loss of central vision due to destruction of macula.
HTN, SMOKING, CAUCASIAN, DIABETES. Peripheral vision good but central vision affected...like having black spot in middle of vision.

Front 11

Otitis externa

Back 11

infection/inflammation of ear canal. AKA swimmers ear.
pain upon moving pinna.

Front 12

Otitis media

Back 12

infection/inflammation of the middle ear.
Fever, constant pain.

Front 13

Meniere's disease

Back 13

Disorder of the inner-exact cause is unknown but is a disturbance of fluids in middle ear.
Dizziness, vertigo, sweating, tinnitus, unclear pattern.

Front 14

CPP
Cerebral perfusion pressure

Back 14

Pressure of blood going into the brain.
Too low- Hypovolemia, hypotension, ischemia.
Too high- HTN, aneurysms and cerebral edema.

Front 15

ICP
Increased intracranial pressure

Back 15

Pressure in the intracranial cavity.
Higher ICP less likely the CPP will be able to bring o2 to brain. Increased ICP= decreased CPP.

Front 16

CVA
2 types-
Ischemic and Hemorrhagic

Back 16

interruption of blood supply to any part of the brain, resulting in damaged brain tissue.

Front 17

Ischemic CVA
*Thrombotic
*Embolic
*Lacunar

Back 17

Thrombotic-atherosclerosis risk increased with hypoperfusion or dehydration, polycythemia, thrombocytosis.

Front 18

TIA-

Back 18

Subtype of thrombotic stoke. symptoms less than 24 hours. Clumps of platlets or small clots.

Front 19

Embolic CVA

Back 19

Ischemic subtype. Fragments that break from a thrombus outside/inside the brain.
atrial fibrillation.

Front 20

Lacunar

Back 20

Ischemic subtype. Small infarcts throughout brain tissue involving small arteries.

Front 21

Hemorrhagic CVA

Back 21

Bleeding into brain tissue.
Causes..HTN, weakened arterial walls, vascular malformations, coagulation disorders.

Front 22

Dysarthria

Back 22

Disorder of speech. Altered ability to articulate sounds or changes in voice pitch.

Front 23

Aphasia
Receptive and Expressive

Back 23

Varying degrees of inability to comprehend, integrate, and express language.

Front 24

Receptive aphasia

Back 24

able to speak but unable to understand others or comprehend written material.

Front 25

Expressive aphasia

Back 25

inability or slowed/impaired ability to talk or write.

Front 26

Left hemisphere sequela of stroke

Back 26

motor problems on right side of body
cranial nerve problems on left side
problems with speech and labguage
problems with math or reasoning.

Front 27

Right hemisphere sequela of stroke

Back 27

motor problems on left side
cranial nerve problems on right side
cant perceive they have left side
inability to determine spatial position

Front 28

Cerebellar CVA

Back 28

Usually problems with coordination and balance.

Front 29

Brain stem CVA

Back 29

Problems with LOC, breathing, HR, BP, swallowing. Cranial nerve disturbances.

Front 30

Alzheimer's disease

Back 30

Familial-inherited, early or late onset.
Non-hereditary-late onset. most cases.

Genetic mutation improperly encodes a normal protein AMYLOID. Abnormal amyloid forms plaque in brain. Neurofibrillary tangle disrupts nr impulses in brain.

Front 31

Parkinson's disease

Back 31

Extrapyramidal system- nerve tracts from these cells dont follow the pyramidal tracts. Responsible for fine motor movements. Involve dysfunction of basal ganglia.

Front 32

Hypokinesias/dyskinsias/hypertonia

Back 32

Lack of movement. Resting tremor.
Cog-wheel rigidity of forearm.

Front 33

Basal ganglion gait

Back 33

Parkinsonian gait...stooped posture, small steps, decreased arm swing.

Front 34

Acethycholine and dopamine

Back 34

Effects of Acetylcholine(cholinergic) are excitatory and dopamine are inhibitory.

Front 35

Multiple sclerosis

Back 35

Stimulated by virus- persons own t-cells attach myelin sheath in brain. Demyelinating lesions.

Front 36

Migraines

Back 36

disorder of blood flow to brain.
stress-spasm of arteries-bloodflow reduced-platelets clump-serotonin released, vasoconstrictor-ischemia to brain.
NSAID and seritonin inhibitors.

Front 37

Seizures
General and partial

Back 37

Sudden, explosive charge of neurons.
General-Grand mal patient is ALWAYS unconscious. Movement is tonic clonic.
Partial-begin locally and have varied level of unconsciousness.

Front 38

Concussions

Back 38

Temporary axonal disruption affecting attention and memory

Front 39

Diffuse axonal injury

Back 39

varied severity, cerebral edema. involved coma of 6 hours or greater.

Front 40

Coup and contrecoup

Back 40

Coup-impact against immovable object.
Contrecoup-rebound, brain hits other side of skull.

Front 41

Hemorrhages

Back 41

Epidural (hematoma)-b/t dura and cranium. causes arterial bleeding.
Subdural- disruption of venous system, develops slowly.
Intracerebral- bleeding into the brain.

Front 42

Meningitis
Bacterial and viral

Back 42

Inflammation of meninges
Viral-AKA aseptic, milder symptoms.
Bacterial- caused by meningococcus and pneumococcus.

Front 43

Bacterial meningitis
signs and symptoms

Back 43

Edema of meninges around brain
Photophobia-pain in eyes when exposed to light, headache, irritablity, restlessness, NV
Edema of meninges around spine...neck stiffness, postive brudzinski's or kernig's-straightening the knee with hip an knee flexed produces pain in back.
Fever,

Front 44

Cholinesterase

Back 44

released at the synapse to break down extra acetylcholine.

Front 45

Myasthenia gravis
ALS

Back 45

Thymic tumor. antibodies destroy the receptors for acetylcholine..
muscle weekness

ALS-always fatal disease that attacks the neurons.
Motor neuron diseases. Caused by genetic defect that normally codes for superoxide dimutase...free radicals cause damage to DNA and protein synthesis..causes altered glutamate....give drugs that block glutamate.