Neurologic Assessment/chronic Degenerative 2

Front 1

flaccid

Back 1

displaying lack of muscle tone; limp, floppy

Front 2

photophobia

Back 2

inability to tolerate light

Front 3

reflex

Back 3

an automatic response to stimuli

Front 4

tone

Back 4

tension present in a muscle at rest

Front 5

vertigo

Back 5

an illusion of movement, usually rotation

Front 6

central nervous system (CNS)
Parts

Back 6

brain and spinal cord

Front 7

peripheral nervous system

Back 7

cranial and spinal nerves

Front 8

Acetylcholine
Def
Source
Action

Back 8

-major transmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system
- Many areas of the brain; autonomic nervous system
-Usually excitatory; parasympathetic effects sometimes inhibitory (stimulation of heart by vagal nerve)

Front 9

Serotonin
Def
Source
Action

Back 9

Brain stem, hypothalamus, dorsal horn of the spinal cord Inhibitory, helps control mood and sleep, inhibits pain pathways

Front 10

Dopamine
Source
Action

Back 10

-Substantia nigra and basal ganglia
- Usually inhibits, affects behavior (attention, emotions) and fine movement

Front 11

Norepinephrine
Def
Source
Action

Back 11

-major transmitter of the sympathetic nervous system
-Brain stem, hypothalamus, postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system -Usually excitatory; affects mood and overall activity

Front 12

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

Back 12

- Spinal cord, cerebellum, basal ganglia, some cortical areas
- Excitatory

Front 13

Enkephalin, endorphin

Back 13

-Nerve terminals in the spine, brain stem, thalamus and hypothalamus, pituitary gland -
Excitatory; pleasurable sensation, inhibits pain transmission -

Front 14

Frontal Lobe
Location
Major Functions

Back 14

—the largest lobe, located in the front of the skull. The major functions of this lobe are concentration, abstract thought, information storage or memory, and motor function. It also contains Broca's area, critical for motor control of speech. The frontal lobe is also responsible in large part for a person's affect, judgment, personality, and inhibitions

Front 15

Parietal Lobe
Location
Major Functions

Back 15

—a predominantly sensory lobe located near the crown of the head. This lobe analyzes sensory information and relays the interpretation of this information to the thalamus and other cortical areas. It is also essential to a person's awareness of the body in space, as well as orientation in space and spatial relations

Front 16

Temporal Lobe
Location
Major Functiions

Back 16

—contains the auditory receptive areas located around the temples. The temporal lobe contains a vital area called the interpretive area that provides integration of somatization, visual, and auditory areas and plays the most dominant role of any area of the cortex in thinking

Front 17

Occipital Lobe
Location
Major Functions

Back 17

—the posterior lobe of the cerebral hemisphere located at the lower back of the head, is responsible for visual interpretation

Front 18

Upper Motor Neuron Lesions

Back 18

Loss of voluntary control
Increased muscle tone
Muscle spasticity
No muscle atrophy
Hyperactive and abnormal reflexes

Front 19

Lower Motor Neuron Lesions

Back 19

Loss of voluntary control
Decreased muscle tone
Flaccid muscle paralysis
Muscle atrophy
Absent or decreased reflexes

Front 20

cerebellum
action

Back 20

coordination, balance, and timing of all muscular movements that originate in the motor centers of the cerebral cortex.

Front 21

basal ganglia
action

Back 21

play an important role in planning and coordinating motor movements and posture

Front 22

Decortication

Back 22

is the result of lesions of the internal capsule or cerebral hemispheres
the patient has flexion and internal rotation of the arms and wrists and extension, internal rotation, and plantar flexion of the feet

Front 23

Decerebration

Back 23

the result of lesions at the midbrain, is more ominous than decortication.
The patient has extension and external rotation of the arms and wrists and extension, plantar flexion, and internal rotation of the feet

Front 24

thalamus
action

Back 24

integrates all sensory impulses except olfaction
It plays a role in the conscious awareness of pain and the recognition of variation in temperature and touch. The thalamus is responsible for the sense of movement and position and the ability to recognize the size, shape, and quality of objects.

Front 25

Visual Agnosia
Affected Cerebral Area

Back 25

Occipital lobe

Front 26

Auditory Agnosia
Affected Cerebral Area

Back 26

Temporal lobe (lateral and superior portions

Front 27

Tactile Agnosia
Affected Cerebral Area

Back 27

Parietal lobe

Front 28

Body parts and relationships Agnosia
Affected Cerebral Area

Back 28

Parietal lobe

Front 29

Auditory-receptive Aphasia
area of brain involved

Back 29

Temporal lobe

Front 30

Visual-receptive Aphasia

Back 30

Parietal-occipital area

Front 31

Expressive speaking Aphasia

Back 31

Inferior posterior frontal areas

Front 32

Expressive writing aphasia

Back 32

Posterior frontal area

Front 33

craniotomy

Back 33

a surgical procedure that involves entry into the cranial vault

Front 34

craniectomy

Back 34

a surgical procedure that involves removal of a portion of the skull

Front 35

Cushing's response

Back 35

brain's attempt to restore blood flow by increasing arterial pressure to overcome the increased intracranial pressure

Front 36

Cushing's triad

Back 36

three classic signs—bradycardia, hypertension, and bradypnea—seen with pressure on the medulla as a result of brain stem herniation

Front 37

decerebration

Back 37

an abnormal body posture associated with a severe brain injury, characterized by extreme extension of the upper and lower extremities

Front 38

decortication

Back 38

an abnormal posture associated with severe brain injury, characterized by abnormal flexion of the upper extremities and extension of the lower extremities

Front 39

epidural monitor

Back 39

a sensor placed between the skull and the dura to monitor intracranial pressure

Front 40

epilepsy

Back 40

a group of syndromes characterized by paroxysmal transient disturbances of brain function.

Front 41

herniation

Back 41

abnormal protrusion of tissue through a defect or natural opening

Front 42

intracranial pressure

Back 42

pressure exerted by the volume of the intracranial contents within the cranial vault

Front 43

microdialysis

Back 43

procedure in which an intracranial catheter is inserted near an injured area of brain to measure lactate, pyruvate, glutamate, and glucose levels

Front 44

ventriculostomy

Back 44

a catheter placed in one of the lateral ventricles of the brain to measure intracranial pressure and allow for drainage of fluid

Front 45

neurologic system may be decreased or absent due to

Back 45

Sepsis
hypovolemia
myocardial infarction
respiratory arrest hypoglycemia
electrolyte imbalance
drug and/or alcohol overdose
encephalopathy
ketoacidosis

Front 46

ICP
Clincial manifestations

Back 46

change in LOC
slow speech/delay in verbal response
restlessness

Front 47

ICP
Clincial manifestations

Back 47

change in LOC
slow speech/delay in verbal response
restlessness

Front 48

ICP causes

Back 48

Decreased Cerebral Blood Flow
Cerebral Edema

Front 49

ICP
clinical manifestations
early

Back 49

The earliest sign of increasing ICP is a change in LOC. Slowing of speech and delay in response to verbal suggestions are other early indicators.

Front 50

ICP
Clinical manifestations
Later

Back 50

abnormal respiratory and vasomotor responses.
Pulse and resp rate decrease or bcome erratic
BP and temp Increase
Widening pulse pressure
Vomitting
loss of brainstem reflexs