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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are seizures?
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Interruption of normal brain function-the result of uncontrolled electrical discharge or neurons.
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What is Epilepsy?
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Recurring seizures caused by a chronic, underlying condition.
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Describe a Tonic-Clonic seizure.
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Loss of consciousness occurs, bilateral and symmetrical.
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What does tonic mean when referring to a seizure?
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Stiffening
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What does clonic mean when referring to a seizure?
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Jerking
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What is another word for tonic-clonic seizure?
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Grand Mal
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Describe an absence seizure.
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*Occurs in children to adolescent years
*Brief staring spell for a few seconds *Untreated occur up to 100 times a day |
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What is another name for absence seizures?
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petit mal.
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Describe a simple partial seizure.
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*Simple motor or sensory phenomena
*No loss of awareness |
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Describe a complex partial seizure.
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*Loss of awareness
*Motor, automatisms |
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What is the difference between simple and complex partial seizures?
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There is a loss of consciousness in complex where there is not in simple.
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What are the 4 phases of a seizure?
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1.Prodromal phase
2.Aural phase 3.Ictal phase 4.Postictal phase |
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Regarding seizures, what is an automatism?
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Repetitive movements that may not be appropriate.
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Regarding seizures, what is Todd's paralysis?
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Focal weakness.
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Regarding seizures, what is akinetic?
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An arrest of movement.
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Regarding seizures, what is atonic?
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Loss of tone.
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Regarding seizures, what is myoclonic?
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Shock like contractions.
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Describe Status Epilepticus.
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*Seizure activity doesn't stop for 10 min or
*Noreturn of consciousness between seizures *Potentially fatal |
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Why is it dangerous to have a seizure for a long duration (ie 10 min)?
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If they are not breathing, the glucose supplies in the body will become exhausted.
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What are the goals when treating a patient with seizures?
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*Keep patient free from injury
*Observation may aid in diagnosis *Promote psychosocial functioning. |
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What is a common traditional antiseizure drug?
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Dilantin
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What is a drug used for status spilepticus?
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Versed
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What are 3 types of headaches?
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1.Vascular (Migraine)
2.Tension 3.Cluster |
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Describe a cluster headache.
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*Rpeated headaches with remissions
*More frequent in men *Abrupt onset of deep, severe pain |
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Describe a tension headache.
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*Bilateral feeling of pressure areound the head
*No aura |
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What is the most common type of headache?
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Tension
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Describe a vascular headache.
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*Throbbing pain with vasodilation
*Often unilateral *Auras *Postdrome phase |
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What are some actions a nurse can take when treating a patient experiencing headaches?
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*Pain reduction
*Examine lifestyle and precipitating factors *Teach relaxation techniques *Report changes to the physicians |
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What are two types of pharmacology for headaches?
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1.Analgesics
2.Vascular-specific medications |
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What are some vascular-specific medications used to treat headaches?
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*Triptans
*Ergots *Prophylatctic meds |
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List some Triptans.
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1.Imitrex
2.Zomig |
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List an ergots drug.
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1.Midrin
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What is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
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*A chronic, degenerative, progressive disorder of the CNS.
*Myelin loss and axonal transection that reults in sclerosis of multiple nerves and impaired nerve conduction *50% experience cognitive changes |
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Does MS effect both sensory and motor functions?
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Yes.
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What is the cause of MS?
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The cause is unknown.
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What facilitates remission in MS?
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Lost myelin may be replaced by fat.
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Describe MS.
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*Gradual, vague symptoms at onset.
*Periods of remission and exacerbations vs. chronic, progressive symptoms. *Aggravated by sgtress, fatigue, and infection. |
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Is there a definitive test to diagnose MS?
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No
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Is MS more common in women or men?
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Women
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What are the three types of symptoms of MS?
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1.Primary
2.Secondary 3.Tertiary |
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What causes the primary symptom of MS?
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A demyelination within the CNS.
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What causes the secondary symptom of MS?
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Failure to manage the primary.
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What causes the tertiary symptom of MS?
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Psychological, social, marital, vocational, and personal.
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What is the life expectancy of someone with MS?
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>25 years after diagnosis.
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What is Lhermittes sign?
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When the neck is flexed and have pain and nystagmus.
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What is a nursing diagnoses for MS?
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Impaired physical ability.
Risk for falls. |
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What are some planning goals for a patient with MS?
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*Minimize fatigue
*Minimize symptoms *Enhance sefl-care *Reduce preciptating factors *Prevent complications |
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What is the key to preventing MS?
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Mobility.
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What are some nursing intervetions when caring for someone with MS?
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*Support coping
*Refer to National MS Society *Encourage routine, preventative health screeening. *Identify triggers and ways to avoid them. *Encourage mobility |
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Name some drugs that may be prescribed for MS.
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*Corticosteroids
*Cholinergics *Anticholinergics *Antispasmotics *Tricyclic antidepressants *CNS stimulants for fatigue |
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Between Cholingergics and Anticholinergics, which one is for a spasmatic bladder?
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Anticholiergics
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Which drug, for MS, is available in an implantable pump?
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Baclofen.
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What is Parkinson's Disease?
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A disease of the basal ganglia.
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What is the triad of Parkinson's?
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1.Tremor
2.Rigidity 3.Bradykinesia |
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Of the 3 symptoms of the triad of Parkinson's, which is most debilitating?
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Rigidity.
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Identify the most common complication with Parkinson's Disease.
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Falls.
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What kind of care is given to a patient with Parkinson's Disease?
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Collaborative care.
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What is the purpose of the collaborative care given to a patient with Parkinson's Disease?
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Manage the symptoms.
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What is the function of antiparkinsons drugs?
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Correct the imbalance of neurotransmitters.
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List some potential nursing interventions that can be useful on a patient with Parkinson's Disease.
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*Promote adequate nutrition/diet
*Optimize psychosocial well-being *Encourage independence in functioning *Refer to therapies *Avoid complications *Patient safety |
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What are some potential nursing diagnoses for someone with Parkinson's Disease?
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*Impaired physical mobility
*Impaired verbal communication *Impaired nutrition:less than body requirements. *Deficient diversional activity. |
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What is the most common drug used to treat Parkinson's Disease?
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Levodopa w/carbidopa = Sinemet
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What is Myasthenia Gravis (MG)?
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An autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction.
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Describe what is happening in MG.
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Antibodies attack acetylcholine recepter sites.
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What some signs of MG?
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*Eyelid/extraocular muscles weak
*Chronic fatigue *Facial expressions, chewing, and swallowing altered. |
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What is a Myasthenic crisis?
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An acute exacerbation (related to MG) that may lead to respiratory emergency.
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What are some assessments in management of MG?
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*Respiratory status
*Muscle strength *Coping ability *Fatigue *Body parts affected |
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List some interventions associated with MG.
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*Avoid fatigue
*Maintain adequate ventilation *Education |
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What is ALS?
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The loss of motor neurons.
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List some interventions for caring for a patient with ALS.
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*Reduce risk of aspriation
*Assist with ADL's *Decrease pain *Assist in advanced care planning *Anticipatory grief support |
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What is Huntington's Disease (HD)?
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A genetic, autosomal dominant disorder.
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How is HD diagnosed?
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By the presence of the gene.
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What are the clinical manifestations of HD?
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*Abnormal, excessive involuntary twitching movements.
*Problem with speech, chewing, and swallowing *Mental deterioration and psychotic behavior |
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What are some nursing cares for HD?
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*Patient safety
*Provide a comfortable environment *Emotional support *Nutritional support *Pharmacological management |
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What is trigeminal neuralgia?
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Pain along the trigeminal nerve.
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What is Bell's Palsy?
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Peripheral facial paralysis.
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What is Guillain-Barre Syndrome?
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Potentially fatal autoimmune disorder, caused by a loss of myelin and inflammation of the affected nerves - prevents neurotransmission to PNS.
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List some interventions for Guillain-Barre Syndrome.
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*Monitor closely
*Pain relief *Maintain nutrition *Establish a means to communicate *Prevent complications |
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What is the most important thing to assess for with Guillain-Barre Syndrome?
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Respiratory Function.
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