Neurologic

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Glasgow Coma

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Recording the conscious state of a person for assessment.

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Decerebrate/Decorticate Posturing

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Involuntary flexion or extension of the arms and legs, indicating severe brain injury.

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Positive Babinski's

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The lateral side of the sole of the foot is rubbed with a blunt instrument from the heel along a curve to the toes.

* Flexor: the toes curve inward and the foot everts; this is the response seen in healthy adults (aka a "negative" Babinski)

* Indifferent: there is no response.

* Extensor: the hallux dorsiflexes and the other toes fan out – the "positive Babinski's sign" indicating damage to the central nervous system.

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Macular Degeneration

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A loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the macula) because of damage to the retina.

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Diabetic Retinopathy

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Damage to the retina caused by complications of diabetes mellitus, which can eventually lead to blindness.

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Retinal Detachment

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Disorder of the eye in which the retina peels away from its underlying layer of support tissue.

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Glaucoma

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Disease in which the optic nerve is damaged, leading to progressive, irreversible loss of vision.

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Cataracts

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A clouding that develops in the crystalline lens of the eye or in its envelope, varying in degree from slight to complete opacity and obstructing the passage of light.

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Guillain-Barre

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An acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP), an autoimmune disorder affecting the peripheral nervous system, usually triggered by an acute infectious process.

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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

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Form of motor neuron disease. ALS is a progressive,[1] fatal, neurodegenerative disease caused by the degeneration of motor neurons, the nerve cells in the central nervous system that control voluntary muscle movement. Also called Lou Gehrig's disease.

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Multiple Sclerosis

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Fatty myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord are damaged, leading to demyelination and scarring.

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Mysathenia Gravis

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An autoimmune neuromuscular disease leading to fluctuating muscle weakness and fatiguability. It is an autoimmune disorder, in which weakness is caused by circulating antibodies that block acetylcholine receptors at the post-synaptic neuromuscular junction, inhibiting the stimulative effect of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

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Parkinson's Disease

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A degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that impairs motor skills, cognitive processes, and other functions.

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Right/Left Stroke

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Rapidly developing loss of brain function due to disturbance in the blood supply to the brain. This can be due to ischemia (lack of blood flow) caused by blockage (thrombosis, arterial embolism), or a hemorrhage (leakage of blood).

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Brain Injury/Trauma

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Brain damage, the destruction or degeneration of brain cells.

Traumatic brain injury, damage that occurs when an outside force traumatically injures the brain.

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Craniotomy

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A surgical operation in which a bone flap is (temporarily) removed from the skull, to access the brain.

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Increased ICP

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An increase in pressure, most commonly due to head injury leading to intracranial hematoma or cerebral edema can crush brain tissue, shift brain structures, contribute to hydrocephalus, cause the brain to herniate, and restrict blood supply to the brain. It is a cause of reflex bradycardia.

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Spinal Injury

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An injury to the spinal cord. It can cause myelopathy or damage to nerve roots or myelinated fiber tracts that carry signals to and from the brain.

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Spinal Shock

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Loss of sensation accompanied by motor paralysis with initial loss but gradual recovery of reflexes, following a spinal cord injury (SCI) -- most often a complete transection. Reflexes in the spinal cord caudal to the SCI are depressed (hyporeflexia) or absent (areflexia), while those rostral to the SCI remain unaffected.

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Laminectomy

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A spine operation to remove the portion of the vertebral bone called the lamina.

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Autonomic Dysreflexia

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AD occurs most often in spinal cord-injured individuals with spinal lesions above the (T6) spinal cord level. Acute AD is a reaction of the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system to overstimulation. It is characterised by severe paroxysmal hypertension (episodic high blood pressure) associated with throbbing headaches, profuse sweating, nasal stuffiness, flushing of the skin above the level of the lesion, bradycardia, apprehension and anxiety, which is sometimes accompanied by cognitive impairment.

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Meniere's Disease

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A disorder of the inner ear that can affect hearing and balance to a varying degree. It is characterized by episodes of vertigo and tinnitus and progressive hearing loss, usually in one ear.

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Epilepsy

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A common chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures.

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Migraines

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A neurological syndrome characterized by altered bodily perceptions, severe headaches, and nausea.

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Alzheimer's Disease

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The most common form of dementia. It is incurable, degenerative, and terminal. Research indicates that the disease is associated with plaques and tangles in the brain.

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Bell's Palsy

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A dysfunction of cranial nerve VII (the facial nerve) that results in inability to control facial muscles on the affected side.

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Erb's Palsy

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A paralysis of the arm caused by injury to the upper group of the arm's main nerves, specifically the upper trunk C5-C6 is severed.

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Carpel Tunnel Syndrome

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Associated by symptoms and signs, which are caused by compression of the median nerve travelling through the carpal tunnel. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome affects the hands since it is an upper limb neuropathy that results in motor and sensory disturbance of the median nerve.

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Herpes Zoster

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Commonly known as shingles, is a viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters in a limited area on one side of the body, often in a stripe.

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Huntington's Syndrome

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A progressive neurodegenerative genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination and leads to cognitive decline and dementia.

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Meningitis

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Inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges.

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Spina Bifida

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A developmental birth defect caused by the incomplete closure of the embryonic neural tube.