Neurogenic Disorders 1

Front 1

acceleration/deceleration trauma

Back 1

causes discrete, focal lesions which affect the prefrontal areas and anterior portion of the temporal lobes

Front 2

rotational trauma

Back 2

occurs when impact causes the brain to move at a different velocity than the skull, resulting in a shearing of axons and damaging neural connections

Front 3

cerebral palsy

Back 3

muscle weakness due to developmental problems in the brain (cerebral cortex, sub-cortex and cerebellum)

Front 4

spastic CP

Back 4

- caused by lesions in pyramidal tract
- disrupts voluntary movements
- causes spastic dysarthria (exaggerated stretch reflexes)

Front 5

athetoid CP

Back 5

- caused by lesions in the extrapyramidal tract (basal ganglia)
- disrupts involuntary and abrupt movements, superimposes involuntary movements onto voluntary ones
- causes hyperkinetic dysarthria

Front 6

ataxic CP

Back 6

- caused by lesions in the cerebellum
- causes problems with speech, posture and gait
- causes ataxic dysarthria

Front 7

upper motor neurons

Back 7

- neuron that carries motor impulses, located in brain and spinal cord
- lesions cause CP

Front 8

lower motor neurons

Back 8

- cranial and spinal nerves located in the brain stem
- lesions result in severe dysarthria

Front 9

coup/contra-coup

Back 9

injury sustained due to a fall or blow to the head
coup: damage to the brain beneath the site of impact
contra-coup: damage to the brain opposite the site of impact as the brain bounces against the skull

Front 10

ataxia

Back 10

incoordination of motor movement due to cerebellar lesions

Front 11

spastic dysarthria

Back 11

weakness, immobility, exaggerated reflexes, dysfunctional articulation due to lesions in the pyramidal tract

Front 12

ataxic dysarthria

Back 12

jerky, uncoordinated movements of speech musculature due to lesions in the cerebellum

Front 13

hyperkinetic dysarthria

Back 13

- due to damage in the extrapyramidal tract, specifically the basal ganglia
- causes quick and jerky or slow and writhing movements

Front 14

athetosis

Back 14

disorder that causes slow, writhing movements of the entire body, especially of the arms, face and tongue

Front 15

agnosia

Back 15

lack of sensory recognition due to lesions in sensory association areas (e.g. prosopagnosia)

Front 16

anomia

Back 16

symptom of aphasia, difficulty finding words or naming

Front 17

apraxia

Back 17

articulation disorder that results from impairment due to brain damage, disrupts the capacity to program skilled oral movements necessary for speech

Front 18

dysarthria

Back 18

speech disorder resulting from weakness, paralysis or incoordination of speech musculature due to damage to the nervous system

Front 19

apraxia vs. dysarthria

Back 19

- apraxia affects programming, dysarthria affects transmission
- apraxia affects articulation, dysarthria affects all processes of speech (respiration, phonation, articulation, resonance and prosody)

Front 20

Broca's aphasia

Back 20

affects third frontal convolution of the left frontal lobe, causing affected syntax, and slow, labored, telegraphic speech

Front 21

kernicterus

Back 21

damage to the brain centers of infants caused by bilirubin attacking the basal ganglia and auditory nerve system

Front 22

multimodality dysarthria

Back 22

affects vision and hearing

Front 23

remediation for apraxia

Back 23

- phonetic placement method: describe manner, place and voicing of articulation
- master individual phonemes
- rapid consonant repetition
- create CV CV and CVC combinations
- melodic intonation therapy

Front 24

Bobath method

Back 24

- implements reflex inhibiting postures: prone (soldier crawl stance) or supine (hips and knees extended, shoulders flexed)
- facilitates independent tongue movement
- use alveolar sounds
- differentiation of lip movement
- desensitize speech mechanism
- work from gross motor skills to fine

Front 25

spasticity

Back 25

disorder of CNS which causes muscles to contract and spasm

Front 26

decussation

Back 26

crossing over of motor fibers

Front 27

dysarthria remediation

Back 27

severe: Bobath method
mild to moderate: reduce rate of speech, produce syllables individually, exaggerate articulatory movements, reduce phrase length

Front 28

hearing loss in CP

Back 28

sensorineural

Front 29

final common pathway

Back 29

only route in which information from upper motor tracts can reach lower motor neurons traveling to the muscles

Front 30

pyramidal tract

Back 30

most important of upper motor neuron tracts, transmits messages for voluntary motor movement to the lower motor neurons

Front 31

extrapyramidal tract

Back 31

- includes basal ganglia, substantia nigra, cerebellum
- regulates involuntary/automatic movements

Front 32

arteries leading to the brain

Back 32

- internal carotids (tortuous, susceptible to plaque)
- basilar artery

Front 33

lobes

Back 33

frontal: higher level cognition, voluntary muscle movement
parietal: sensations, writing and reading
temporal: auditory processing, olfaction, semantics (Wernicke's)
occipital: vision

Front 34

cerebral vascular accident (CVA)

Back 34

caused by atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries)

Front 35

stenosis vs. thrombosis

Back 35

stenosis: partial blockage
thrombosis: complete blockage

Front 36

eschemia

Back 36

oxygen deprivation due to insufficient blood flow

Front 37

embolism

Back 37

build-up of plaque that breaks loose and lodges in a narrower vein, causing CVA

Front 38

open head injury

Back 38

meninges have been compromised

Front 39

literal/phonemic paraphasia

Back 39

when an individual gets half of an intended word correct (e.g. "pool" for "spool")

Front 40

neologistic paraphasia

Back 40

when an individual gets more than half of an intended word incorrect (e.g. "pyun" for "pen")

Front 41

semantic paraphasia and varieties

Back 41

when an individual substitutes a real word for the intended word (e.g. "airplane" for "pen")
- within-category: "bus" instead of "truck"
- remote: "wallet" instead of "arm"