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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the components of the central regulatory unit for the endocrine system. |
pituitary hypothalamus |
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Name the three types of hypothalamic hormones and their effector. |
(1) Releasing hormones (AP) (2) Inhibitory hormones (AP) (3) Neurohormones (PP) |
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Describe the pathway of the hypothalamic hormones. |
synthesized in discrete nuclei of hypothalamus, released from nerve terminals into median eminence, reach AP via hypophyseal portal circulation |
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Name the paraventricular hormones. |
TRH (to TSH and PRL) and CRH (to ACTH) |
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Name the anterior periventricular hormones. |
hypothalamic somatostatin |
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Name the arcuate hormones. |
GHRH (to GH), dopamine (inhibit prolactin) |
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Name the preoptic hormones. |
GnRH (to FSH and LH) |
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Name the paraventricular, supraoptic. (PP) |
ADH, oxytocin |
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Describe the characteristics of hypothalamic-releasing hormones. |
(1) Pulsatile release (2) Act via specific plasma membrane receptors (3) Use cAMP, phospholipids, and Ca as intracellular signal (4) Stimulate hyperplasia and hypertrophy of target cells (5) Stimulate the synthesis and release of pituitary hormones (6) Regulate their own receptors on target cells to modulate their own effects |
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Which part of the pituitary lies outside the BBB? |
anterior pituitary |
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List and describe the three types of feedback mechanisms present in the hypothalamic-pituitary system. |
(1) Long-loop (target hormones to pituitary or hypothalamus) (2) Short-loop (pituitary hormones to hypothalamus) (3) Ultra short-loop (hypothalamic hormones to hypothalamic neurons) |
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What stimulates the release of TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone)? |
thermal and caloric signal |
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What inhibits release of thyroid stimulating hormone? |
dopamine and somatostatin |
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What actions does TSH have on the thyroid? |
(1) synthesis of thyroid hormones (2) secretion of thyroid hormones |
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What two forms of thyroid hormones exist and which is more active? |
T3 (tri-iodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine) T3 is more active |
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Which thyroid hormone is responsible for inhibition of TRH secretion? |
T4 |
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What is ACTH synthesized from? |
POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin) |
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What elements make up POMC? |
ACTH, B-endorphin, and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) |
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What stimulates the release of ACTH? |
corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and ADH |
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What stimulates the release of CRH? |
feeding, depression, anxiety, stress, sleep/wake Neurotransmistters (Ach, GABA, serotonin, NE) |
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What inhibits release of CRH? |
endorphin (made during ACTH synthesis) cortisol ACTH |
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What mechanism does ACTH use? |
PKA via GPCR to steroid synthesis |
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What type of hormones is GH? |
protein hormone |
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What mediates most of the action of GH? |
insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) |
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What stimulates the release of GHRH? |
arginine, dopamine, a-receptor agonists, stress, sleep |
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What stimulates release of GH? |
GHRH Ghrelin (gut hormone) |
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What inhibits release of GH? |
hypothalamic somatostatin IGF-1 |
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What action does GH have on the liver? |
Increases synthesis of IGF-1 |
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What inhibits the actions of GH and IGF-1? |
B-agonists, glucose, FFA |
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What is GH action on adipose? |
decrease glucose uptake, increase lipolysis |
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What is GH action on liver? |
increase gluconeogenesis increase synthesis of IGF-1 increase synthesis of IGF-BP (binding protein) |
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What is action of GH on chondryocyte? |
Increase differentiation |
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What is action of IGF-1 on metabolism? |
Increase plasma glucose and FFA Decrease plasma amino acids and urea |
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What is action of IGF-1 on muscle? |
Decrease glucose uptake Increase amino acid uptake and protein synthesis |
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What is action of IGF-1 on chondrocytes? |
Increase cell size and number to increase linear growth |
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What is action of IGF-1 on organs? |
Increase organ size and function |
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What can cause a deficiency of GH? |
(1) hypothalamic dysfunction (no GHRH) (2) pituitary tumor (3) abnormal synthesis (4) receptor disorders (5) IGF-1 malformation |
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What is the result of GH deficiency before puberty? |
(1) short stature (2) delayed ossification and pubertal growth (3) mild obesity |
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What is result of GH deficiency in adults? |
high level of body fat anxiety and depression increased LDL and TG decreased sexual function and libido sensitive to heat and cold less muscle less strength, stamina REDUCED BONE DENSITY |
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What is result of GH excess before puberty? |
Gigantism |
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What is result of GH excess in the adult? |
Acromegaly |
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What type of hormone is prolactin? |
protein |
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What stimulates the release of prolactin? |
TRH estradiol |
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What inhibits the release of prolactin? |
dopamine |
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What are the effector organs of PRL? |
liver and breast |
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What stimulates prolactin synthesis and secretion? |
hypoglycemia, exercise, starvation, trauma, surgery, sleep, breast stimulation, TRH |
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What stimulates the branching and proliferation of mammary ducts? |
prolactin, estradiol, progesterone, cortisol, and GH |
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What mechanism does prolactin use for secretion? |
PKC via GCPR Gq and increase in Ca++ |
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What induced alveolar development? |
prolactin with estradiol and progesterone |
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What does prolactin induce postpartum? |
milk protein synthesis |
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What is the outcome of hyperprolactinemia? |
impotence, hypothalamic hypogonadism, infertility, galactorrhea |
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What are the gonadotropic hormones? |
FSH and LH |
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What type of hormone are FSH and LH? |
protein |
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What subunits make up FSH and LH and which is hormone specific? |
alpha and beta beta is specific |
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Describe the secretion of LH in the female. |
pulsatile, diurnal, and cyclic |
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Describe the secretion of FSH in females. |
cyclic |
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By what action does LH act? |
phosphoinositol |
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What actions does FSH use? |
cAMP and phosphoinositol |
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What hormone do the theca cells synthesize and secrete? |
progesterone |
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What hormones do the granulosa cells synthesize and secrete? |
Estradiol-17B (E2) |
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Surge of what hormone induced ovulation? |
LH |
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What do Leydig cells synthesize and secrete? |
tesosterone |
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What do Sertoli cells synthesize and secrete? |
inhibins |
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What type of hormone is vasopressin/ADH? |
protein (nonapeptide) |
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Where is ADH released from? |
posterior pituitary |
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How is ADH synthesized and secreted? |
in the nerve cell body, transported bound to neruophysin-2 through axon, packaged in the neurosecretory granules (herring bodies), and released directly into posterior pituitary |
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What is function of ADH? |
volume regulation by water reabsorption in the distal tubules and collecting ducts where it induced aquaporin-2 |
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By which mechanism does ADH confer its vasoactive effects? |
Gaq via PKC and IP3=Ca++ |
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Hoe does ADH enforce its renal effects? |
Gas via cAMP and PKA |
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What type of hormone is oxytocin? |
protein (nonapeptide) |
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What is the carrier protein for oxytocin? |
neurophysin-1 |
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On what cell type does oxytocin act on? |
smooth muscle cells=CONTRACTION |
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What induced oxytocin release? |
sucking and myometrial stretch |
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Is milk ejected or secreted? |
EJECTED |
