Neurochemistry

Front 1

dopamine synthesis locations

Back 1

midbrain, corpus straitum, pars compacta, VTA

Front 2

Serotonin low levels

Back 2

depression, OCD, Panic, and Bulimia

Front 3

Serotonin high levels

Back 3

Anxiety, insomnia, sexual dysfunction, GI disturbance, serotonin sydrome, cardiac valce pathology

Front 4

Serotonin syndrome

Back 4

fever, tremor, coma, seizures, death

Front 5

dopamine secreting cells

Back 5

some make also NE

Front 6

NE

Back 6

attention, motivation, pleasure, reward

Front 7

DA

Back 7

Alertness and energy

Front 8

5-HT

Back 8

Obsessions and compulsions

Front 9

Mood

Back 9

NE, DA, and 5-HT

Front 10

Anxiety

Back 10

DA and 5-HT

Front 11

D2 and D4

Back 11

inhibitory

Front 12

D1

Back 12

excitatory

Front 13

NE levels

Back 13

same for all of us, receptors are variable

Front 14

NO

Back 14

retrograde messenger

Front 15

NO drugs

Back 15

Viagra and sunadafil increase levels

Front 16

NO synthesis

Back 16

at post-synaptic neuron

Front 17

NO purpose

Back 17

feedback process, down regulate

Front 18

Brain disorder pathology

Back 18

start early in life, need a lot of damage for clinical symptoms

Front 19

Epilepsy

Back 19

having two or more seizures

Front 20

Epilepsy tests

Back 20

EEG and brain scan

Front 21

Epilepsy cause

Back 21

sustained repetitive firing of APs

Front 22

Epilepsy factors

Back 22

genetic and acquired, cerebral trauma, infx, tumor, congenital malformation, metabolic

Front 23

Epilepsy focal

Back 23

within one area, majority of patients

Front 24

Epilepsy generalized

Back 24

All over the brain

Front 25

Epilepsy brain sites

Back 25

areas susceptible to attacks

Front 26

Temporal lobe epilepsy

Back 26

most common form of dz, dentate gyrus initiates seizure

Front 27

Voxel-based morphometry

Back 27

allows investigation of focal differences in brain anatomy

Front 28

Temporal lobe epilepsy, VBM

Back 28

hippocampal atrophy with seizures originating in left or right lobe

Front 29

Epileptogenesis

Back 29

excessive excitation or reduced inhibition, or channelopathy

Front 30

SUDEP

Back 30

Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy

Front 31

SUDEP occurance

Back 31

more likely if seizures are more frequent or tx is inadequate

Front 32

SUDEP most cases

Back 32

from a Grand Mal Seizure

Front 33

SUDEP cause

Back 33

apnea or asystole

Front 34

Schizophrenia symptoms

Back 34

positive, negative, and cognitive

Front 35

Schizophrenia positive symptoms

Back 35

hallucinations, delusions, racing thoughts

Front 36

Schizophrenia negative symptoms

Back 36

apathy, lack of emotion, poor or nonexistant social functioning

Front 37

Schizophrenia cognitive symptoms

Back 37

disorganized thoughts, difficulty concentrating and/or following instructions, difficulty completing tasks, memory problems

Front 38

Schizophrenia theory

Back 38

caused by development and plasticiy disorder with risk genes

Front 39

Risk genes

Back 39

dysbinidin, neuroregulin 1, DISC1, COMT

Front 40

Dysbindin

Back 40

dystrobrevin-binding protein 1, is a protein constituent of the dystrophin-associated protein complex

Front 41

DISC1

Back 41

disruptive in schizophrenia gene, participates in cell growth, movement, axonal growth and transport, neural positioning.

Front 42

COMT

Back 42

Catechol-O-methyl transferase, degrade catecholamines such as dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

Front 43

neuregulin 1

Back 43

heightened expression of the Type IV NRG1

Front 44

Schizophrenia and ventricles

Back 44

enlarged lateral ventricles, empendymal or spiny cells lost

Front 45

Schizophrenia etiology

Back 45

Epigenetic dysfunction, Risk gens, rubella, influenza, herpes, toxoplasma gondii, hypoxia, malnutrition, OB complication, premature/low birth weight, preclampsia, and C-section

Front 46

Toxoplasma gondii

Back 46

from cats, can cross placenta

Front 47

ADHD

Back 47

a neurodevelopmental problem

Front 48

ADHD presentaion

Back 48

age-inappropriate symptoms of inattention,impulsivity and hyperactivity

Front 49

ADHD brain abnormalities

Back 49

frontal and temporal lobes and basal ganglia

Front 50

ADHD neurobiology

Back 50

hypoactive frontal-striatal region due to deficient DA transmission

Front 51

Depression symptoms/signs

Back 51

anhedonia, vague aches and pains, insomnia or hypersomina, weight loss/gain, low energy and fatigue, and recurrent thought of death/suicide

Front 52

Dysthymia

Back 52

depressed all the time

Front 53

Psychotic depression

Back 53

delusions, beliefs, and feelings that are untrue/unsupported. Bipolar may experience during depressed state

Front 54

Reactive depression

Back 54

adjustment disorder with depressed mood response to a psychosocial stressor

Front 55

Atypical depression

Back 55

able to experience improved mood via a positive event

Front 56

Melancholic depression

Back 56

inability to find pleasure in a positive things, combined with physical agitation, insomnia, or a decreased appetite

Front 57

Depression etiology

Back 57

genetics, emotional trauma and viral infx, stress(HPA axis) and cytokines, and signaling pathways that regulate neuro-plasticity

Front 58

Neuroplasticity

Back 58

changes that occur in the organization of the brain as a result of experience

Front 59

HPA axis and depression

Back 59

high levels of cortisol cause depression

Front 60

Subventricular zone

Back 60

neurogenesis, olfactory

Front 61

Subgranular zone

Back 61

neurogenesis hippocampus

Front 62

Seasonal affective disorders

Back 62

imbalance between sleep/wake cylce and brain cycle

Front 63

Seasonal affective disorders etiology

Back 63

dysregulation of 5-HT transmission and mutations

Front 64

TPH2

Back 64

rate limiting enzyme, 80% reduction in enzymatic activity if mutated

Front 65

hTPH2

Back 65

loss-of-f(x) mutation, seen in unipolar depression

Front 66

treatment resistant depression

Back 66

common occurrence

Front 67

OCD etiology

Back 67

rouge genes, head injury, autoimmune reaction

Front 68

Sydenham's chorea

Back 68

suffer from antibodies for Gram + bacteria, and show disorders of hand face feet. Treated with antibiotics

Front 69

PANDAS

Back 69

Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcus

Front 70

Sydenham's chorea antibodies

Back 70

against strep and attack neurons of caudate nucleus

Front 71

Molecular mimicry

Back 71

same biochemical sign as illness and body attack both exogenous agent and own self

Front 72

Molecular mimicry example

Back 72

SLE and NMDA receptors

Front 73

Tourette Syndrome presentation

Back 73

multiple tics and one or more vocal tics

Front 74

GTS causes

Back 74

childhood tics

Front 75

GTS population

Back 75

more common in males than females

Front 76

GTS etiology

Back 76

genetic, Panda, other viral

Front 77

Simple GTS

Back 77

motor and vocal tics

Front 78

Full Blown GTS

Back 78

coprolalia, copropraxia, echolalia, echopraxia

Front 79

coprolalia

Back 79

obscene/vulgar sounds

Front 80

corpropraxia

Back 80

obscene/vulgar movements

Front 81

echolalia

Back 81

imitation of sounds

Front 82

echopraxia

Back 82

imitation of movements

Front 83

Polyglutamate pathogenesis

Back 83

nine neurodegenerative disorders by expanding CAG repeats

Front 84

Huntington Pathology

Back 84

striatal cell die, motor cortex becomes hyperactive

Front 85

Huntingons mutation

Back 85

huntingtin on end of chromosome 4, Autosomal dominant

Front 86

CAG repeats normal

Back 86

10-29, and a few tieh 30--35

Front 87

CAG repeats in HD

Back 87

40-60

Front 88

HD appearance

Back 88

atrophy of caudate nucleus, putamne, hydrocephalus ex vacuo (anterior horns)

Front 89

HD slide

Back 89

GFAP shows gliosis

Front 90

HD protein

Back 90

mutant protein aggregates and is toxic to neurons