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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Depression and suicide often associated with hypersecretion of _
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cortisol
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More likely, depression arises from problems in the _
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hypothalamus
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Depression is associated with (reduced/increased) slow wave sleep,(shorter,longer) period of REM sleep, (increased/decreased) core body temperature and abnormalities in the nocturnal secretion of _, _ and _
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reduced; shorter; increased.
Cortisol, GH, and prolactin |
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MAOIs are inhibitors of _
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enzymes responsible for the degradation of bioamines
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TCAs work by _
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blocking reuptake of serotonine or NE
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SSRIs work by _
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selectively inhibiting the reuptake or serotonin
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The most effective short term treatment for severe depression and mania is _
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electroconvulsive therapy.
This involves the induction of a generalized brain seizure (6-8 times at 2 day intervals) |
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_is a mood stabilizer (evens out the highs and lows), and works by affecting the phosphoinositol pathway.
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Lithium carbonate
It ultimately blocks ca increase and reduces the responsiveness of the neurons in the IP3 pathway |
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Regarding olfaction: receptor neurons send out (un/myelinated) axons grouped into bundles called _, collectively form cranial nerve I
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unmyelinated
fila olfactoria |
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axons of olfactory receptor neurons contact neurons of the olfactory bulb in complexes of synapses called _
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olfactory glomeruli
All neurons expressing a given receptor converge on only one or two glomeruli |
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Mitral/Tufted cells are (excitatory/inhibitory) projection neurons that use what NT?
PG & G cells are (excitatory/inhibitory) interneurons that use what NT? |
excitatory, glutamate
inhibitory; GABA, DA and various peptides |
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With regards to olfaction, granular cells _
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enchance contrast between M/T cells by acting as a filter to restrict the signal coming from a specific glomerulus to a signal generated only by high affinity odorant
This allows you to distinguish between perpetually similar scents |
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The lateral olfactory tract first contacts the olfactory bulb to the anterior olfactory nucleus (contralaterally/ipsilaterally). This nucleus contacts the _
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ipsilaterally
olfactory bulb and the anterior nucleus on the opposite side. |
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At the level of the olfactory tubercle, the olfactory tract continues as the _ and terminates where?
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lateral olfactory stria
in the primary olfactory cortex. |
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The medial orbitofrontal cortex appears particularly important in the integration of _ and _
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olfactory, taste and other food related cues that produce the experience of flavor
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The taste experiences include _
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sweet, salty, sour, bitter and umami
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(T/F) taste buds are neurons
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False. They are a complex of supporting cells and taste receptor cells
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The _ end of the receptor cells in taste buds is covered with microvilli where taste transduction occur.
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apical
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In the tongue, taste buds are located in 3 types of papillae: _ (25% of taste buds), _(25%), and _(50%).
_papillae are nongustatory. |
fungiform,
foliate and circumvallate Filiform |
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The locations that the taste sensations are more sensitive:
sweet most at _ sour at _, bitter in the _ and salty in the _ of the tongue. |
the tip,
edges back anterior edges |
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Taste transduction begins when soluble chemicals interact with receptors located on the exposed _ of receptor cells.
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apical microvilli
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Some sweet, sour and bitter –tasting compounds used _ receptors.
Umami –tasting compounds uses a _receptors. Other receptors such as those for bitter, salty, and sour ..._ |
G protein coupled
metabotropic variant of the glutamate directly interact with ion channels Activation of these receptors produces either depolarization or hyperpolarization through a second messenger (cAMP, IP3) |
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tastes buds on soft palate are carried through the _nerve via _ganglion & _ nerve
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greater petrosal
pterygopalatine lesser palatine nerve (CN V2) |
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SVA fibers carrying taste enter the brainstem, descend in the _ tract and terminate in the _ nucleus.
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solitary, solitary
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Rostral solitary nucleus projection ascend (contralaterally/ipsilaterally) with fibers in the_ tract to terminate in the _
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ipsilaterally
central tegmental ventral posteromedial nucleus |
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Regarding taste projections: The VPM projects through the _ to the _ and _. This pathway is involved in taste discrimination.
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posterior limb of the internal capsule
frontal operculum and anterior insular cortex. |
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Orbitofrontal cortex is involved in _
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appreciation of flavor, food reward and control of feeding.
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The lateral posterior orbitofrontal cortex receives inputs from _ and integrates _,_,_
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primary taste cortex
taste, olfactory and visual cues associated with ingestion of food. |
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The transduction mechanisms of irritants such capsaicin or menthol is the activation of _channels, the _channels,
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cationic
TRP (transient receptor potential) |
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Complete loss of taste is called _, for this to happen, it requires _
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ageusia
bilateral lesions of cranial nerve VII and IX, or else local damage to taste buds. |
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Bilateral hemianopsia is most likely a lesion or compression of _. This is an indicator of _
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optic chiasm
pituitary tumor |
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Increased appetite is associated with what part of the hypothalamus?
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ventromedial hypothalamus
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Decreased appetite is associated with what part of the hypothalamus?
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lateral hypothalamus
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Pt presents with intermittent daytime hypersomnolence, you start to think about what region of the hypothalamus?
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tuberomammilary region
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Lesions of the _ nucleus of the hypothalamus can produce hyperthermia
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anterior hypothalamic
- the anterior part has an excitatory effect on pans |
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What pituitary hormones are associated with the following abnormalities?
A. Polyuria, increased thirst B Impotence C. cold intolerance D. Fatigue and decreased muscle endurance E. Decreased appetite and weight loss |
1. ADH
2. LH AND FSH 3. TSH 4. ACTH 5. ACTH |
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_ is the encoded information is converted into a form that can be permanently stored. Associated with structural changes in the brain.
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Consolidation
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What are the two primary types of memory?
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declarative and nondeclarative
These primary types of memory are associated with different circuitries that can be distinguished by different types of damage. |
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Each new explicit memory is formed by four sequential processes, what are they?
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encoding, consolidation, storage, retrieval
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Encoding-information for memory is assembled from different sensory systems by the _
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association cortices
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Consolidation- information is transformed by _ and _
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hippocampus and surrounding areas cortex
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Storage- consolidated information is transferred to _
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association cortex
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Right hippocampal damage produces greater deficits in memory for _, whereas left hippocampal damage produces greater deficits in memory for _
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spatial representation
words, objects or people. |
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The consolidation process is particularly sensitive to processes which damage or interfere with the _
The_ area is particularly sensitive to anoxia |
hippocampus.
CA 1 |
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_ is the first region to degenerate in Alzheimer’s disease.
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Entorhinal cortex
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There are two forms of associative learning, what are they?
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Classical (Pavlov) conditioning involve learning a relationship between two stimul
Operant conditioning involve learning a relationship behavior and the consequences of that behavior (call trial and error ) |
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Emotional memory involves the _ as a nodal stage in the association of exteroceptive sensory inputs
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amygdala
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Procedural memory is composed of two subsystems; one involves the _ and mediates habit and skills.
The other involves the _ and mediates sensori-motor adaptation |
striatum
cerebellum |
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Patients with amygdala damage fail to develop _.
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fear conditioning
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The process of converting information in working memory to long term memory is _
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consolidation.
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Episodic (autobiographical) knowledge about time and place involved the _
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prefrontal cortex.
Frontal lobe damage is associated tendency to forget how information was acquired: source amnesia. |
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The inability to form new memories results in _ whereas difficult in retrieving memories already established is _
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anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia |
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Sensitization as a result of synaptic connections on presysnaptic terminals (presynaptic facilitation) is believed to have the potential for short and long term effects. It requires a _
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facilitatory interneuron
The effect of the facilitatory interneuron will be to enhance the amount of neurotransmitter released by sensory neuron, |
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Short term sensitization can occur by the activation of metabotropic receptors and associated second messenger pathways (cAMP & PKA / DAG & PKC) to broaden the action potential by inhibiting _ channels and act on _ channels to increase it's influx in sensory neuron.
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K+
calcium |
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Long term potentiation is produced in _ of _neurons in the hippocampus and in mossy fiber terminals of the _gyrus. It is also produced in the perforant path.
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Schaffer collaterals; pyramidal
dentate |
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Long Term Potentiation induction depends on _ increase either in the pre or post synaptic cell
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calcium
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Regarding LTP, The increase in Ca++ concentration in a dendrite lead to the activation of a cascade that increases the number of _receptors
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AMPA ; (ionotropic glutamate receptors, depolarizing).
The addition of additional AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic membrane can lead to enhanced efficacy of the postsynaptic response. |
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The perisylvian structures for implementation include a motor speech area (Broca’s area) and a language comprehension center (Wernicke’s area) that are linked by the _
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arcuate fasciculus
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The perisylvian structures for implementation include _ and _ areas that are linked by the arcuate fasciculus
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motor speech area (Broca’s area) and a language comprehension center (Wernicke’s area)
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Comprehension of written words (reading) involves the transfer of information from visual cortex to the _
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angular gyrus.
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Important areas that mediate between implementation and conceptual systems include _(4)
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Posterior sensory association cortices, left prefrontal cortex, inferotemporal region, and temporal pole
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For classification purposes the clinician must consider three factors:
What are they? |
Fluency
Comprehension Verbatim repetition |
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_ is impaired production of speech (fluency) and repetition with intact auditory comprehension
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Expressive Aphasia (Broca’s aphasia)
Typically involves Brocas area and the anterior insula. These patients are aware of their condition and frustrated with it. |
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_ is impaired auditory comprehension, naming, and repetition
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Receptive Aphasia (Wernicke’s aphasia)
Patient is unable to understand what is said to them, unable to read and unable to write comprehensible language, involves damage to the left posterior superior temporal cortex |
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Other deficits that may accompany Wernicke’s aphasia arise from lesions of _ and _ deeper in the white matter.
This results in _ |
of Meyer’s loop and optic radiations deeper in the white matter.
contralateral homonymous hemianopia (or quadrantanopia). |
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Conduction aphasia results in impaired naming and repetition with intact comprehension. It is due to damage of the _
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Arcuate fasciculus
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Damage anterior to Broca’s area or posterior to Wernicke’s area results in transcortical aphasia, which lacks _
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impaired repetition
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_ Resembles Broca’s aphasia but the ability to repeat verbatim is preserved
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Transcortical Motor Aphasia
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_ Resembles Wernicke’s aphasia, except verbatim repetition is relatively spared
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Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
this results from damage to temporal occipital parietal junction - the angular gyrus |
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Alexia with agraphia is associated with lesion of the _. In this case, aphasia may be absent or mild.
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dominant angular gyrus
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Alexia without agraphia is associated with lesions of _ and _
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left visual cortex and splenium of corpus callosum.
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Magnocellular stream processing involves pathways both from the _ and through the _
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lateral geniculate and through the pulvinar.
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Patients with lesions of the _ pathways may loose all conscious vision, yet can demonstrate the perception of movements or changes in illumination.
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geniculostriate pathways
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The medial temporal cortex functions to include _, _ and _
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navigation, directing eye movements, and MOTION perception/appreciation
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The parvocellular pathways appear to be involved with _
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recognition of faces
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Bilateral lesions involving the region of the parieto-occipital junction produce _. What are the symptoms?
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Balint syndrome.
This produces a triad consisting of optic apraxia (poor control of eye movements), optic ataxia (poor visually guided movements), and simultagnosia (inability to percieve visual field as a whole) |
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While language is localized in the dominant hemisphere, lesions to the parietal areas in the nondominant hemisphere result in the disruption of _
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spatial relationships and selective attention.
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The dorsolateral prefrontal region is involved with _
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working memory, intellectual capacities, creative and flexible thinking
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The ventromedial prefrontal region is involved with _
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judgement, planning, decision making, social conduct
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Superior Mesial prefrontal region is involved with _
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emotional behavior and basic drive associated with motivation and arousal
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In general, the left hemisphere is associated with more _emotional affect, while the right hemisphere is associated with _ ones.
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positive
negative |
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In split brain patients, if a word is placed in the _ visual field, he will be able to read it, but not if it's placed in the _.
If an object is placed in the left visual field, a patient may show a _ response |
right, left
an emotion response or smile to a humorous object |
