Neuro.block 3 Part 2

Front 1

Saccule and Utricle (Otolith Organs) Detect _

Back 1

linear acceleration and head position relative to gravity

Front 2

Semicircular Canals Detect _

Back 2

angular acceleration

Front 3

The vestibular system is innervated by neurons whose cell bodies are found in the

Back 3

Vestibular (scarpa's) ganglion

Front 4

Stereocilia are 60-100 hairs that project from each cell progressively i(ncreasing/decreasing) in length as progress towards long cilium

Back 4

increasing

Front 5

Transduction occurs when the stereocilia bend toward the _, and the cell depolarizes due to _ channels that open via tip links/

Back 5

kinocilium

K+

When the cell bends away from the kinocilium, the cell hyperpolarizes.

Front 6

Utricle and Saccule comprise the _

Back 6

Static Labyrinth

Front 7

Macula of the Utricle is _ oriented.
Macula of Saccule is _ oriented

Back 7

horizontally oriented, roughly parallel with the base of the skull

vertically oriented located on the medial wall

Front 8

Movement of endolymph relative to the _allows detection of angular acceleration/deceleration in all 3 planes

Back 8

cristae

Front 9

_ are saddle shaped ridges that contain hair cells, and are found in the _ of each semicircular canal.

Semicircular canals comprise the _

Back 9

Crista, ampulla

kinetic labyrinth

Front 10

The cilia of the hair cells in the kinetic labyrinth are oriented to respond to movement of _ toward of away from the _

Back 10

endolymph toward or away from the Utricle.

Front 11

In horizontal canals, the kinocilium is found _, and hair cells are depolarized by endolymph flow (toward/away) from utricle.

In anterior and posterior canals, kinocilium is found _, and hair cells are depolarized by flow (toward/away) from the utricle.

Back 11

On the side of the utricle, flow towards

On the side away from the utricle, flow away from utricle

Front 12

During head rotation, signaling is directionally sensitive , this is because _

Back 12

the head rotates while the endolymph lags, making hair cells on one side depolarize and hair cells on the other hyperpolarize

(Left turn -> Left side depolarizes)

Front 13

APs from the hair cells travel through the peripheral processes of bipolar neurons with cell bodies in the vestibular (Scarpa's) ganglion, which are located where?

Back 13

in the lateral end of the internal acoustic meatus

Front 14

The vestibular component of CN VIII uses _ as a NT

Back 14

glutamate

Front 15

The Vestibular Nuclear Complex is composed of 4 main nuclei, what are they?

Back 15

-Lateral (Dieters) vestibular nucleus (input from kinetic labyrinth and static labyrinth)
-Medial (Schwalbe) vestibular nucleus (input from descending fibers)
-Superior (Bechterew) vestibular nucleus (input from ascending fibers)
-Inferior (descending or spinal) vestibular nucleus (input from descending fibers)

There are trends, but not specific functions to each

Front 16

Vestibular nuclei receive input from the _, _, and _, which is also where the main output is directed.

The two most important outputs are the...

Back 16

Cerebellum, Spinal Cord, Oculomotor system.

spinal cord and oculomotor system

Front 17

The MEDIAL VESTIBULOSPINAL TRACT arises from the_ and _.
Each tract contains _ fibers.

Back 17

medial (mostly) and inferior vestibular nuclei bilaterally,

crossed and uncrossed

Front 18

The _ tract is involved in integration of head and eye movements associated with changes in body position

Back 18

medial vestibulospinal tract

*It is Related to the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum

Front 19

The lateral vestibulospinal tract facilitates _, and is related to what structure?

Back 19

Facilitates muscles that maintain upright posture and balance (axial extensor musculature).

Related to the vermis of the cerebellum

Front 20

Axons of vestibular nuclear neurons project to the oculomotor nuclei via the _ Generally, _pathways are inhibitory and _pathways are excitatory

Back 20

ascending component of the MLF.

Ipsilateral

contralateral

Front 21

_ is used to evaluate the vestibular pathway.

Back 21

Caloric Testing

Front 22

Nystagmus is classified based on _

Back 22

the direction of the fast return phase

In a conscious patient, if warm water irrigates the external acoustic meatus, nystagmus will occur in that direction. In a comatose patient, the fast phase is absent

Front 23

Damage to the vestibular system is associated with what clinical signs?

Back 23

Vertigo
Ataxia –truncal ataxia where body position is difficult to maintain
Nystagmus
Nausea and Vomiting

Front 24

The reduced capacity to detect movements of the head forward and backward (flexion and extension) would be produced by insult to the (vertical/horizontal) semicircular canals.

Back 24

vertical

Front 25

Cold water in the external auditory meatus produces nystagmus in the (opposite/same) direction.

Back 25

Opposite

COWS: cold opposite, warm same

Front 26

Seizures are classified based on the clinical form of the seizure, and are therefore divided into _ and _ classes

Back 26

partial - begin locally (further divided into simple or complex)

and generalized - bilaterally symmetric without local onset

Front 27

A simple partial seizure is considered an _. The symptoms reflect the region of brain in which is occurs.

Back 27

aura

Front 28

A _ seizure begins as simple partial seizure; may include feelings of déjà vu, consciousness or awareness is impaired.

Back 28

Complex Partial

Front 29

An _ seizure is when there is sudden generalized decrease in muscle tone, altered awareness, and lasts for about 5-30 seconds

Back 29

atonic generalized

Front 30

A _ seizure has generalized increase in muscle tone, contraction of entire body in a fixed position and lasts 10-20 seconds. They usually arise from sleep

Back 30

tonic generalized

Front 31

Describe a myoclonic generalized seizure.

Back 31

Brief, shock like involuntary contractions.
Referred to as myoclonic jerk

Front 32

The Most common type of generalized seizure in all age groups is _

Back 32

tonic clonic

repeat tonic phase (stiff flexed arms and extended legs), and clonic phase(jerking)

Front 33

An absence seizure is when...

Back 33

the patient has a brief absence of consciousness, usually with blank stare. It lasts 5-10 seconds and the individual is not aware of it happening

Front 34

A generalized seizure is associated with a number of ion channel mutations that result in (increased/decreased) excitability

Back 34

increased (decreased potassium current of increased Na current)

Front 35

An absence seizure may be associated with_ or _ receptor dysfunction

Back 35

T-type calcium or GABA

Front 36

Viscerosensory axons are largely _, and are therefore _ conducting

Back 36

thinly or unmyelinated

slow conducting

Front 37

Information from physiologic receptors travels primarily in _ nerves.

Back 37

parasympathetic

Front 38

Visceral sensory ganglion cells have _ receptive fields, and tend to converge centrally.

Back 38

large

Localization of sensation is therefore poor,

Front 39

Thoracic and abdominal nociceptive afferents travel in the sympathetic nerves from throacic and abdominal viscera via the _ nerves

Back 39

splanchnic nerves

Front 40

Pelvic viscera such as the prostate and sigmoid colon nociception is carried through the _ and _

Back 40

hypogastric plexus and lumbar splanchnic nerves

Front 41

Viscerosensory axons are largely _, and are therefore _ conducting

Back 41

thinly or unmyelinated

slow conducting

Front 42

Information from physiologic receptors travels primarily in _ nerves.

Back 42

parasympathetic

Front 43

Visceral sensory ganglion cells have _ receptive fields, and tend to converge centrally.

Back 43

large

Localization of sensation is therefore poor,

Front 44

Thoracic and abdominal nociceptive afferents travel in the sympathetic nerves from throacic and abdominal viscera via the _ nerves

Back 44

splanchnic nerves

Front 45

Pelvic viscera such as the prostate and sigmoid colon nociception is carried through the _ and _

Back 45

hypogastric plexus and lumbar splanchnic nerves

Front 46

The _ and _ appear to be dominant in urinary control.

Back 46

The right hemisphere and pons

Front 47

Ejaculation is modulated through a somatic component of reflex sexual function that arises from _ in what nucleus?

Back 47

alpha motor neurons in the nucleus of Onuf.

Front 48

the nucleus of Onuf mediates the contractions of the _muscles that accompany _

Back 48

perineal

orgasm in both sexes.

Front 49

Central control of sexual functions are associated with the _ and _ zones of the hypothalamus.

Back 49

anterior-medial and medial tuberal

Front 50

What is the largest input to the hypothalamus?

Back 50

Fornix

- traveling from the subiculum and hippocampus

Front 51

Hippocampus input travels via the _ to _ and _ areas of the hypothalamus. This route has to do with Memory associated __

Back 51

fornix

preoptic and supraoptic

modulation of sympathetic activity.

Front 52

Subiculum input via the fornix is to _ of the hypothalamus. This is part of the _ circuitry

Back 52

mammilary bodies

memory consolidation circuitry.

Front 53

The_ pathway Binds autonomic aspects of emotional components to experiences.

Back 53

Amigdalohypothalamic Pathway

Front 54

Regarding hypothalamic efferents: Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus & mamilotegmental tracts Project to the _ and _ They Regulate _

Back 54

periaqueductal grey and tegmental nuclei of the midbrain.


pain sensitivity under stress

Front 55

Leptin is excitatory on _ cells, and inhibitory on _ cells.

It functions to _

Back 55

anorexigenic cells,
orexigenic cells.

Functions to inhibit feeding.

Front 56

Medial preoptic nuerons have to do with _

Back 56

temperature detection.

If temperature is below set point, medial preoptic activates posterior hypothalamic nucleus that activates sympathetic preganglionic cells to induce shivering and vasoconstriction

Front 57

If temperature is below set point, medial preoptic activates _nucleus that activates _ cells to induce _

Back 57

posterior hypothalamic

sympathetic preganglionic cells to induce shivering and vasoconstriction

Front 58

if temperature is above set point medial preoptic activates _ that activates _ cells to induce

Back 58

anterior hypothalamic nucleus

parasympathetic preganglionic cells to induce sweating and vasodilation

Front 59

Stimulation of the caudolateral portion of the hypothalamus favors _

Stimulation of the rostromedial portion of the hypothalamus favors _

Back 59

Sympathetic tone

Parasympathetic tone

Front 60

The supraopticohypophysial tract projects from the _ and _ nuclei and is responsible for the release of what peptides?

Back 60

paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei

Oxytocin and ADH

*ADH induces water retention

Front 61

Diabetes insipidus has two potential causes, what are they?

Back 61

Nephrogenic, insensitivity to ADH, or...
neurogenic, a deficiency in ADH

Front 62

To distinguish between the two form of diabetes insipidus, patients are challenged with an injection of desmopressin, an ADH analog. If the cause is neurogenic, you would expect plasma osmolarity to _______ following the injection. In contrast, if its nephrogenic plasma osmolarity will ___________.

Back 62

decrease; stay the same

Front 63

The release of ACTH by the anterior pituitary is associated with what hypothalamic nuclei?

Back 63

Paraventricular

Front 64

The release of TSH from the anterior pituitary is under the influence of what hypothalamic nuclei?

Back 64

(+) paraventricular
(-) periventricular

Front 65

The release of GH from the anterior pituitary is under the influence of what hypothalamic nuclei?

Back 65

(+) arcuate
(-)periventricular

Front 66

The release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary is under the influence of what hypothalamic nuclei?

Back 66

(+) supraoptic, and paraventricular

(-) arcuate

Front 67

The release of LH from the anterior pituitary is under the influence of what hypothalamic nuclei?

Back 67

medial preoptic and arcuate

Front 68

The release of FSH from the anterior pituitary is under the influence of what hypothalamic nuclei?

Back 68

medial preoptic and arcuate

Front 69

The descending efferents from the paraventricular nucleus, posterior hypothalamis nucleus, and lateral hypothalamic nucleus form what tracts?

Back 69

hypothalamospinal and hypothalamomedullary tracts, which course through the mfb (medial forebrain bundle).

The hypothalamomedullary tract continues through the periaqueductal gray and reticular formation to the ventral medulla synapsing in pans nuclei of the brainstem

The hypothalamospinal tract travels through the periaquaductal gray, then the tegmentum, then anterolateral medulla, and then the lateral funniculus of the spinal cord to synapse in sans nuclei of the imlcc and pans of the sacral spinal cord

Front 70

The paraventricular nuclei, found in the _ region of the hypothalamus, has both _ and _ regulation of the autonomic nervous system

Back 70

supraoptic region

direct and indirect

Front 71

The _ division of the hypothalamus is a catabolic pathway, whereas the _ division is anabolic

Back 71

rostromedial

caudolateral