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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Location of parasympathetic nuclei
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nuclei of CN III, VII, IX-XI
S1-S3 |
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Location of sympathetic nuclei
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T1-L4 or L5
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True/False. All pregangionic autonomic neurons release ACh as their neurotransmitter.
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True
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Where is the respiratory center located? How might it be injured?
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caudal medulla. Injured during cervical CSF tap.
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What is the function of PNS in CN III
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constrictor pupillae
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What is the function of GVE fibers in CN VII?
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lacrimal, palatine, nasal glands with maxillary br of V
madnibular and sublingual salivary gland |
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What is the function of GVE fibers in CN IX?
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zygomatic and partoid salivary glands
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What is the function of GVE fibers in CN X?
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throacic esophagus
cardiac muscle smoothmuscle or respiratory tract smooth muscle and glands of GI walls of visceral structures |
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Which cranial nerves have GVA fibers?
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VII
IX X |
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SVA from taste buds are carried in which cranial nerves?
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VII, IX, X
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What are the primary peripheral sensory afferents in the GP system?
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Ia afferents in neuromuscular spindls
Golgi tendon organs |
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2 major roles of the unconscous proprioceptive system
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sensory portion of most limb reflex arcs (except flexor withdrawal)
transmits limb and trunk position information to the cerebellum |
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How many synapses from neuromuscular spindles?
Golgi tendon organs? |
NM- monosynaptic
Golgi- polysynaptic |
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Which UP pathway crosses twice, and therefore mostly projects to the ipislateral cerebellum?
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Ventral spinocerebellar afferents (pelvic limb)
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Which is the only crossed spinocerebellar tract?
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cervicospinocerebellar pathway (originates from C1-C4)
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Which spinocerebellar tract continues from Clarke's nucleus?
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dorsal spinocerebellar
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Which UP tract ascends from thoracic segments without synapse to the lateral cuneate nucleus of the medulla?
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cuneocerebellar tract
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Which UP tract originates from the centrobasilar nucleus in the dorsal horn of C1-C4?
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rostral spinocerebellar tract
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Where are second and third order neurons of the conscious proprioceptive pathway located?
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In the brain
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Which tract system transmits signals of tactile sense from the body to somatosensory cortex?
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spinocervical
synapse on lateral cervical nucleus in C1-C3 |
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Tests of CP deficits
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paw knuckling
delayed postural corrections (hopping and hemiwalking) |
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Prior to entering doral horn, GSA axons ascend and descend to 2-3 segments in which tract?
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dorsolateral fasciculus or Lissauer's tract
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Where are the second order neuron cell bodies for GSA system located
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substantia gelatinosa
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What is unique about the transmission of noxious stimuli in the GSA system?
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Noxious stimuli from one side of the body are transmitted bilaterally and diffusely throughout spinal cord. However CONTRALATERAL predominates.
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The ventral caudal lateral nucleus of the thalamus receives tracts from which 2 systems?
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Conscious proprioceptive
Spinothalamic (noxious GSA) |
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Which tracts transmit nociceptive signals?
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spinothalamic
spiniocervical (spinocervicothalamic) spinoreticular conscious proprioceptive tracts |
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Non-noxious mechanical stimuli project to which tracts (from the body)
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spinocervical
spinomedullothalamic proprioceptive tracts |
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Non-noxious mechanical stimuli primarily target ipsilateral/contralateral somatosensory cerebral cortex?
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contralateral
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Which tracts project GSA stimuli to non-specific GSA ARAS system?
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spiniothalamic
spinocervical spinoreticular |
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locus coerulus, raphe nuclie and periaquaductal gray matter of the brainstem modulate which neurons by circulating opiods?
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Nociceptive projection neurons in dorsal horn
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Nociceptive stimuli from the face is transmitted by GSA fibers to which area of the pons?
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nucleus of the spinal tract of V
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Mechanoreceptive stimuli from the face is transmitted by GSA fibers to which area of the pons?
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pontine sensory nucleus of V
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Which response is mediated by the nucleus spinal tract of V, trigeminal lemniscus and ventral caudal medial nucleus of the contralateral thalamus?
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avoidance to nasal mucosa stimulation
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Loss of nsal mucosal sensation on one side in the presence of intact facial relexes is a reliable sign of what?
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contralateral cerebral cortex lesion
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Conscious proprioceptive deficits will be ipsilateral if lesion is caudal to which area of CNS?
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Very rostral brainstem
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True/False. Peripheral CP fibers are rarely involved in diseases of the peripheral nervous system.
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True
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CP deficits are more susceptible to what type of lesion?
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Compressive spinal cord lesion
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True/False. Tactile placement is a test of the CP pathway.
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False- mechanoreception is different, but follows similar route.
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Lesions causing UP deficits are generally ipsilateral/contralateral.
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Ipsilateral at all levels. Most spinocerebellar tracts do not cross.
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True/False. Ataxia is not typically seen in peripheral nerve disease.
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True. UP fibers do not seem to be affected.
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Functions of UMN system
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facilitation of muscle tone for weight support and posture
initiation of voluntary movement regulation of tendon reflexes regulation of extensor tone in lateral recumbency |
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Loss of descending UMN input to flexors and extensors results in
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weakness (paresis)
decreased motor abilities exaggerated pattelar reflexes increased extensor muscle tone in lateral recumbency |
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Which is the major UMN system in domestic animals?
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extrapyramidal
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What is another name for the pyramidal system?
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corticospinal system (monosynaptic)
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Where are GSE LMNs located?
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CN III, IV, VI, XII
C6- T2 L4-S2 |
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What are the cell bodies of the cortex in the pyramidal system called?
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Betz cells
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The pyramidal system is a crossed/uncrossed system
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75% crosses at pyramids of medulla but again just before terminating on interneuron. Therefore ipsilateral.
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Pyramidal UMN that cross at the pyramids travel down this tract
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lateral corticospinal tract
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Pyramidal UMN that do not cross travel down this tract
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ventral corticospinal tract
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Which basal nuclei feedback loop is involved in selcting and assembling components of movements?
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Caudate nucleus loop
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Which basal nuclei feedback loop is involved in regulating amplitudes and duration of movement components?
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Putamen loop
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Which reticulspinal system facilitates LMNs of extensor muscles, is important for weight support and postural control and can function autonomously?
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pontine reticulospinal system
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Which reticulospinal system functions to inhibit LMNs os extensor muscles and requires telencephalic input?
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medullary reticulospinal system
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Which extrapyramidal system is facilitory to LMNs of flexor muscles and is the locomotor generator in animals?
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rubrospinal (red nucleus)
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Which nucleus is the primary source for extrapyramidal input to the cerebellum? What are the fibers called in the cerebellum?
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Olivary nucleus of the medulla projects to contralateral cerebellum
Climbing fibers |
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Activities of the rubrospinal, pontine and medullary reticulspinal and vestibulospinal systems are directly modulated by:
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cerebellum
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Which pathway is responsible for keeping the cerebellum apprised of voluntary movement as it is initiated and which nuclei are involved? What are the fibers in the cerebellum?
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corticopontocerebellar pathway with pontine nuclei between cortex and cerebellum
Mossy fibers |
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Through which tract does the cerebellum provide feedback to the cerebral cortex? What cells of the cerebellum are responsible for the output?
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cerebellorubrothalamic
Purkinje cells and deep cerebellar nuclei |
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The cerebellum provides feedback to which (brainstem) nuclei?
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Rostral colliculus
reticular formation vestibular nucleus |
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Function of rubrospinal tract
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facilitatory to LMNs of flexor muscles
locomotor generator |
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Function of pontine reticulospinal tract
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facilitates LMNs of extensor muscles
weight and postural control can function autonomously |
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Function of medullary reticulospinal tract
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inhibitory to extensor muscles
requires continuous input from telencephalic extrapyramidal nuclei |
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Tracts involved in supporting phase of stride
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Facililitate extensors (P-RST) and inhibit flexor muscles (VST)
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Tracts involved in traction phase of stride
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facilitation of flexors (L-CST)
Inhibition of extensors (M-RST) Facilitation of proximal flexors (RuST) |
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Limb stiffness due to a UMN lesion is in fact due to:
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Loss of inhibition by vestibulospinal tract of extensors
Loss of inhibition by medullary reticulospinal tract of extensors Loss of facilitation of flexors by rubrospinal (contralateral?) |
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What is the crossed extensor reflex, and which tract is involved?
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Lateral recumbency, flex on leg, opposite extends if there is an UMN lesion
Loss of medullary reticulospinal inhibition of opposite leg |
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What are signs for an UMN lesion at C1-C5?
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tetraplegia/paresis
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What are signs for an UMN lesion at T3-L3?
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paraplegia/paresis
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True/False. The flexor withdrawal reflex will be normal in an UMN injury.
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True- it is a local reflex arc.
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Name 2 systems that are inhibitory to LMNs to extensor muscles
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medullary reticulospinal system
corticospinal system |
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Name 2 systems that are excitatory to LMNs to extensor muscles
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pontine reticulospinal system
vesibulospinal system |
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What would be the clinical signs of a C6-T2 lesion?
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LMN signs to thoracic limb
UMN signs to pelvic limb |
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Area of the spinal cord prone to compression?
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T3-L3
Narrow spinal canal |
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What LMNs does the patellar reflex test?
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L4-L6
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Which reflex(es) are used to test LMNs at L6-S1?
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pelvic flexor withdrawal
cranial tibial reflex |
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Which LMNs does the thoracic flexor withdrawal test?
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C6-T2
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Which LMNs are responsible for the cutaneous trunci reflex?
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C8-T1
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Which reflex is supplied by LMNs from segments S1-S3?
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perineal reflex
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what is the function of GSE LMNs?
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convey signal from brain (via UMNs) for muscle strength, tone, and locomotion
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Signs of GSE LMN dysfunction
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paresis or plegia at the level of the lesion
loss of muscle tone depressed reflexes denervation atrophy |
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Which nerve innervates the lateral rectus and retractor bulbi?
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CN VI
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Which muscles are innervated by CN III (GSE)?
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medial, dorsal and ventral rectus
ventral oblique levator palpebrae |
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Loss of which nerve results in ventrolateral strabismus?
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CN III
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Which cranial nerves have SVE components?
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CN V (mandibular), VII, IX, X, XI
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What does the SVE portion of CN V innervate?
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temporal
masseter pterygoid rostral digastricus mylohyoid |
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Where are the cell bodies of the SVE portion of CN V located?
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Pontine motor nucleus
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Lesions of which cranial nerve cause "dropped jaw"
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CN V- SVE portion
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Which reflex(es) are lost with CN VII damage?
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menace
palpebral corneal |
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Where are cell bodies for second order sympathetic neurons located?
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T1-L4
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Where is the respiratory center located? What is its function?
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Caudal medulla
Contains UMNs that regulate respiratory muscles and cardiac and vascular smooth muscle Responsive to CSF CO2 |
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Where does the sympathetic innervation to the eye start?
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hypothalamus
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In which tract do sympathetic fibers to the eye descend the spinal cord?
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tectotegmentospinal tract
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Which spinal cord segments contain the cell bodies of preganglionic LMNs for sympathetic innervation to the eye?
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T1-T3
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How does pain eventually activate sympathetic pathway to the eye?
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Noxious stimuli activates the tectotegmentospinal system bia ascending spinotectal or spinothalamic tracts
Conscious pain perception from activates corticotectal or corticohypothalamic pathway |
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Location of a lesion most likely to cause Horner's
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Middle ear
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What is the effect of phenylephrine for a postganglionic sypmathetic lesion to the eye?
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More rapid dilation due to denervation hypersensitivity of the iris muscle
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Is the PLR still present with Horner's syndrome?
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Yes, but hard to see because the pupil is already pretty constricted
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Through which receptors does the SNS promote bladder filling?
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b- detrusor muscle relaxation
a1- internal sphincter contraction a2- inhibition of PNS activity |
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From which segments does the sympathetic innervation to the bladder arise?
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L1-L4
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Which nerves carry:
SNS fibers PNS fibers GSE fibers |
hypogastric
pelvic nerves inernal pudendal |
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Which spinal tract carries signals from the micturition center of the pons to promote bladder filling?
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reticulospinal
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The macula is the sensory organ for which vestibular component(s)?
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utricle and saccule
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The crista ampullaris is the sensory organ for which vestibular component(s)?
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semicircular canals
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The transverse fibers of the pons include which extrapyramidal tract?
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the corticopontocerebellar tract from the pontine nuclei to the cerebellum
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What structures do the vestibular nuclei project to?
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flocculonodular lobe
contralateral medial geniculate nucleus vominting center in reticular formation |
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What is the pathway for conscious detection of vestibular stimuli?
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Vestibular nuclei
contralateral medial geniculate thalamus cortex |
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In pathalogical nystagmus, the fast phase is directed toward/away from lesion?
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away
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Nystagmus is named for the direction of the fast/slow phase?
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fast phase
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Vertical strabismus is up/down for a BS lesion and up/down for a cerebellar lesion
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BS- up
cerebellar- down |
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What types of nystagmus are seen with a central vestibular lesion?
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Rotary
Horizontal Vertical |
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What types of nystagmus are seen with a peripheral vestibular lesion?
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Rotary
Horizontal |
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Auditory Pathway
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cochlear nucleus (rostral medulla)
dorsal nucleus of trapezoid body nucleus of lateral lemniscus caudal colliculus medial geniculate body auditory cortex in temporal lobe |
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the caudal colliculus projects to CN nuclei and the cervical spinal cord via which tracts in response to sudden noise?
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tectobulbar
tectospinal |
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The cerebellum is the dorsal extension of which region of the brain?
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metencephalon
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What are 2 excitatory inputs to Purkinje cell layer of cerebellum?
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Granule cell axons
climbing fibers from olivary nucleus |
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What are 2 sources of inhibitory inputs to Purkinje cell layer of cerebellum?
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basket cells
stellate cells |
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Role of cerebellar Purkinje cells?
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Inhibitory to deep nuclei
Project from FN lobe to vestibular nuclei |
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cerebellar inputs from pontine gray matter, spinocerebellar tracts and vestibular nuclei make up what king of fibers?
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mossy fibers
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Which cerebellar nucleus projects the the rubrospinal system?
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interpositus
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Which cerebellar nucleus projects to the cortex?
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lateral nucleus
via rubrothalamocortical feedback loop |
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Which cerebellar nucleus projects to the the vestibulospinal system?
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fastigeal nucleus
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True/False. The cerebellum helps maintain muscule tone for balance and normal posture.
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True, via connections with vestibular system.
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True/False. A cerebellar lesion would result in loss of menace reflex contralaterally.
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False- ipsilateral because it is a doubly crossed system.
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What is opisthotonus?
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extension of the head and neck
Seen in severe cerebellar lesion |
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Which nucleus normally mediates physiologic nystagmus?
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medial vestibular nuclei via ascending medial longitudinal fasciculus
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The amount of optic nerve decussation correlates well with what?
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lateral placement of the eyes
ex- birds have 100% decussation |
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What brainstem structures are considered part of the limbic system?
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Habenular nucleus of thalamus
Intercrural nucleus of midbrain |
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What system consists of:
amygdala hippocampus fornix cingulate gyrus mammillary bodies septal nuclei stria terminalis |
limbic system
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Outputs of the limbic system?
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Hypothalamus
GVE system UMN centers |
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True/False. Autonomic behaviors are controlled/produced by the limbic system
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True.
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Ascending sensory systems contribute to the ARAS via these areas:
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thalamic reticular nuclei
sub-hypothalamus pontine dorsal raphe pontine locus coeruleus pontine cholinergic centers |
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What is the role of the Medial forebrain bundle?
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Receives ARAS inputs from the contralateral side of the body
projects to cerebral cortex focus attention on specific stimulus |
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Hemi-inattention or hemineglect is due to what?
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Lesions of the medial forebrain bundle
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What causes cataplexy?
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Excessive cholinergic activity in pontine cholinergic areas, which inhibit LMNs to extensors.
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role of hypocretin- containing neurons of the hypothalamus?
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maintain cholinergic and noradrenergic balance in the brain stem
Disruptions can cause cataplexy/narcolepsy |
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What causes narcolepsy?
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Deficit of ascending noradrenergic tone to the cerebrum
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What is the role of medial pontine micturition center?
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contracts the bladder and relaxes the uretra by inhibiting sympathetic and somatic pathways
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What is the role of the lateral pontine micturition center?
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relax the bladder
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holoprosencephaly
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failure of telencephalic vesicles to form. One hemisphere often accompanied by cyclopedia
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