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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hippocrates
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"Form follows Function" idea
brain as the center of intelligence |
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What is trepanation?
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early for of brain surgery
drilling into brain to relieve pressure/drain blood |
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Aristotle
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Heart as the center of intellect
brain was a radiator cooling blood from heart |
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Galen
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art of disscetion
cerebrum=sensation cerebellum= motor four humors |
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Andreas Vesalius
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continued mechanical fluid idea during invention of hydraulic machinery
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Descartes
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"Humans posses intellect and a God-given soul"
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Leonardo de Vinci
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1st to see the form of the brain
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Christopher Wren
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neuroanatomist; drew anatomy of the brain
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Sir Thomas Willis
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discovered the Circle of Willis/ cerebral arteriole circle
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Robert Hooke
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invention of the microscope
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James Parkinson
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discovery of Parkinson's disease
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Luigi Balvani and Emil du Bois-Reymond
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electrical signals in nerves
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Charles Bell and Francois Magendie
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functional anatomy of nerve roots
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Joseph Gall
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phrenology- bumps on the brain
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Paul Broca
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cortical localization
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Darwin
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Animal models
different species evolved from common ancestors and common mechanisms |
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Theodor Schwann
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cell theory, the neuron
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Why is Leonardo de Vinci considered a Neuroscientist?
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He was the first to see the form of the brain
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What structure is Christopher Wren most famous for sketching?
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the anatomy of the brain and nerves
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How did Darwin's work play a critical role in the development of Neuroscience research?
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lead to the development of animal models
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Why did it take until the 19th century to determine that a neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system?
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needed more advanced microscopy, couldn't tell that neurons were separate before. they seemed to be fused together like a nerve net
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Acupuncture
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needles inserted where they touch peripheral nerves
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humors
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four vital fluids in the body: blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm
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phrenology
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correlating structure of the head with personality; bumps on skull tell what kind of person you are
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Reductionist approach to neuroscience research
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reducing the complexity of the brain by breaking it into smaller pieces for systematic experimental analysis
different levels including molecular, cellular, systems, behavioral, and cognitive |
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Clinical neuroscientist vs Experimental neuroscientist
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clinical- diagnose and treat neurological disorders
experimental- analyze and study different aspects of nervous system to discover new things |
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Describe the scientific process
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observation
relication interpretation verification |
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Explain the reasoning behind the use of animals in research and the benefits of this for experimental neuroscience:
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human and animal brains evolved from a common ancestor, so animals brains are similar and are a good study tool
its better to carry out research on the life of a rodent than to hurt a human being, but research is still done humanely, minimizing pain |
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Alzheimer's disease
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progressive degenerative disease
characterized by dementia and always fatal |
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cerebral palsy
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motor disorder cause by damage to the cerebrum at the time of birth
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depression
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disorder of mood, characteriaed by insomnia, loss of appetite, feelings of dejection
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epilepsy
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condition characterized by periodic disturbances of brain electrical activity that can lead to seizures
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muliple sclerosis
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progressive disease that affects nerve conduction
characterized by episodes of weakness, lack of coordination, and speech disturbance |
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Parkinson's disease
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progressive disease of brain that leads to difficulty in initiation voluntary movement
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Schizophrenia
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psychotic illness characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and bizarre behavior
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Spinal paralysis
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loss of feeling and movement caused by traumatic damage to spinal cord
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stroke
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loss of brain function caused by disruption of blood supply, leading to permanent sensory, motor, or cognitive deficit
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1906
Golgi and Cajal |
1st to see a neuron
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1963
Eccles, Hodgkin, and Huxley |
motor axon and action potential
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1982
Bergstrom, Vane and Bergstrom |
discoverd prostaglandins link to fever
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1991
Neher and Sakmann |
protein channels
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2004
Axel and Buck |
Olfactory system
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Animal Rights
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idea that seeks total abolition of animal use for human purposes, including experimentation; animals have the same legal and moral rights as humans
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Animal Welfare
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there are certain moral responsibilities regarding animals
only use for worthwhile experiments, minimize pain, consider alternatives |
