Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What does the extrapyramidal system regulate?
Generally and specifically |
Movement
Tone required for posture, changing position, swings, shifts of posture, walking, locomotion |
|
|
What determines which disease of the extrapyramidal system you will have?
|
Location of the lesion
|
|
|
What are the two major motor impairments of the extrapyramidal system?
|
hypokinesias
hyperkinesias |
|
|
hypokinesias
|
not enough movement
slowness, limited range, immobility, rigidity hard to initiate movement parkinson's |
|
|
hyperkinesias
|
too much movement
abnormal involuntary movements abnormal swings of posture especially when motor steadiness is required |
|
|
quick hyperkinesias
|
rapid, abrupt
|
|
|
myoclonic jerks
|
type of quick hyperkinesias
sudden, shock-like, unsustained tourette's |
|
|
tics
|
type of quick hyperkinesias
not as quick as myoclonic jerks |
|
|
chorea
|
type of quick hyperkinesias
rapid, abrupt muscle contraction |
|
|
hemiballism
|
type of quick hyperkinesias
wild, flailing movments |
|
|
slow hyperkinesias
|
build slowly
distorted postures |
|
|
athetosis
|
type of slow hyperkinesias
repetitive twisting, writhing movements blend into each other lesion can be anywhere hypertonicity |
|
|
dyskinesia
|
type of slow hyperkinesias
slow twisting repetitive flexing involuntary lesion can be anywhere hypertonicity tremor can occur |
|
|
dystonia
|
type of slow hyperkinesias
abnormal movements sustained for long periods of time excessively slow contractions, sluggish movements delay starting movement |
|
|
T/F dysfunctions of the basal ganglia are progressive
|
True
|
|
|
What are the early signs of dysfunction of the basal ganglia?
|
hyperkinetic movement disorders, various types of swings of postures
|
|
|
What are the later signs of dysfunction of the basal ganglia
|
Dystonia - maintained postures
|
|
|
What is the most common disease involving the basal ganglia?
|
Parkinson's
|
|
|
T/F Almost all Parkinson's diseases are ipsilateral, genetic and progressive.
|
False, most are contralateral, genetic and progressive
|
|
|
What is the major etiology of parkinson's?
|
loss of dopamine
|
|
|
Tremors associated with Parkinson's
|
occur at rest
rhythmical, alternating, "pill rolling" affects extremities: jaw, tongue, eyelids |
|
|
What are the identifying characteristics of parkinson's?
|
Tremors
Rigidity Akinesia Postural instability |
|
|
Rigidity associated with Parkinson's
|
Defect in righting reflexes
Resistance constant throughout range of motion |
|
|
Akinesia/Bradykinesia
|
Akinesia:
Lack of spontaneous movement Difficulties initiating movement Bradykinesia: Slow spontaneous movement When started, can't stop Fixed stare |
|
|
Identifying characteristics of chorea
|
random, involuntary movement
proximal and/or distal bilateral progressive may be degenerative may follow rheumatic fever |
|
|
Huntington's chorea
|
primarily caudate
secondarily putamen, globus pallidus progressive degenerative early adulthood |
|
|
What are the major symptoms of huntington's chorea?
|
chorea, dementia, alteration of personality, frontal lobe atrophy
|
|
|
Wilson's disease
|
hepatolenticular degeneration
rare affects CNS and liver most severe involvment = globus pallidus and putamen eventually affects cerebellum and cerebral cortex |
|
|
What is the metabollic effect of wilson's disease?
|
excessive level of copper
body doesn't metabolize copper passes to brain, liver, kidneys |
|
|
Symptoms of Wilson's disease
|
depend on age of onset
-childhood: rigidity -adulthood: coarse tremor with rigidity, sustained posture If it includes lesions of subthalamus, will have hemiballism predominant on one side |
|
|
What structures make up the diencephalon?
|
thalamus, geniculate bodies, other nuclear groupings
|
|
|
What is the lateral boundary of the thalamus?
|
internal capsule
|
|
|
What is the gray matter connection between the 2 thalami?
|
massa intermedia
|
|
|
What are the 5 nuclear groups of the thalamus?
|
anterior
midline medial lateral posterior |
|
|
anterior nuclei
|
important part of the limbic system; visceral brain
fork of the "y", prominent bridge |
|
|
what is the major output of the anterior nuclei and the midline nuclei?
|
cingulate gyrus
|
|
|
midline nuclei
|
small group of cells, including massa intermediata (goes through the 3rd ventricle)
receives info from other nuclei |
|
|
medial nuclei
|
2 major cell groups
-dorsomedial nucleus -centromedial nucleus |
|
|
dorsomedial nucleus
|
projects to cortex of frontal lobe
not to motor strip - to anterior motor cortex to amygdala and other groups visceral impulses, integrates somatic info everything at unconscious level until cortex |
|
|
centromedial nucleus
|
connects to ventral anterior and ventral lateral
major output is caudate and putamen connections to extrapyramidal system |
|
|
What are the subdivisions of the lateral nuclei?
|
lateral dorsal
lateral posterior ventral anterior ventral lateral ventral posterior |
|
|
What are the inputs and outputs of the lateral dorsal and lateral posterior areas of the lateral nuclei (thalamus)
|
Input: visual, hearing, other nuclei?
Output: cingular gyrus, parietal lobe |
|
|
Ventral anterior nucleus (lateral nuclei in thalamus)
|
smallest, most anterior of lateral nuclei, important relay nucleus
Input from: Globus pallidus and other thalamic nuclei Output to: pre-frontal motor cortex IMPORTANT MOTOR CENTER OF THE THALAMUS |
|
|
Ventral lateral nucleus
|
Important relay nucleus
Input: globus pallidus, cerebellum Output: motor cortex |
|
|
ventral posterior (lateral nuclei of the thalamus)
|
Major relay from ascending sensory system
Input: sensory info from all senses Output: Ends in sensory strip Last preconscious level before sensory strip |
|
|
Posterior nuclear group
|
Pulvinar and lateral/medial geniculate
Largest and most posterior nucleus in thalamus Gets all sensory input from neighbors and from geniculate bodies Hearing and vision integrated Input: Pulvinar Output: Occipital lobe, supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, temporal lobe |
|
|
Lateral geniculate
|
visual processing
Most input from optic tract Minor input from superior colliculus Output: to occipital lobe |
|
|
Medial geniculate
|
Auditory
Input from inferior colliculus (which got info from superior olives) Most posterior portion of thalamus Receives ascending auditory fibers |
|
|
What is the chain of auditory fibers?
|
cochlea - superior olives - inferior colliculus - medial geniculate - primary auditory cortex in temporal lobe (gyrus of heschl)
|
|
|
What is the main job of the thalamus?
|
Integrate visceral, sensory and motor information
Last stop before conscious level (cortex) |
|
|
What are the three functions of the thalamus?
|
1. Relay station
2. Sensory reception 3. Integration |
|
|
What is "thalamic syndrome"?
|
Diminished sensation on contralateral half of body
Confusion of sensation |
|
|
What are some possible effects of lesions of the thalamus?
|
Depends on site of lesion
Increased threshold for pain/temperature Mild sensory stimulus causes exaggerated response Emotional behavior states change |
|
|
superior colliculus
|
Visual fibers
|
|
|
inferior colliculus
|
auditory fibers
gray matter |
|
|
superior cerebellar peduncles
|
connects cerebellum to brainstem
white matter |
|
|
What is located on the superior end of the midbrain?
|
large nuclear masses: substantia nigra and red nucleus (gray matter)
|
|
|
What is located on the ventral lateral surface of the midbrain?
What is it AKA? What kind of matter? |
cerebral peduncle
crus cerebri white matter |
|
|
Which band of fibers is on the ventral/anterior surface of the pons?
|
Middle cerebellar peduncles
|
|
|
What are the four cranial nerves in the pons?
|
trigeminal
abducens facial vestibulocochlear |
|
|
What fibers form the walls of the 4th ventricle?
|
middle cerebellar peduncle
inferior cerebellar peduncle |
|
|
What is the job of the medulla?
|
regulates respiration and cardiovascular activity
|
|
|
Ventral median fissure
|
divides pyramids of medulla in midline, anterior surface
fibers on either side of fissure control skeletal motor activity |
|
|
What is the job of the inferior olives?
|
Relay info to the cerebellum
|
|
|
What are the cranial nerves located in the medulla?
|
glossopharyngeal
vagus spinal accessory hypoglossal |
|
|
Generally, what is the function of the brain stem?
|
Breathing, blood pressure
heart rate swallowing level of alertness ability to sleep balance reflexes to seeing and hearing (startle response) |
|
|
What are some observed problems with the brain stem?
|
decreased vital capacity in breathing
swallowing problems problems with balance and movement dizziness, nausea difficulty with organization and perception of the environment |
