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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the anatomical divisions of the nervous system?
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Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System |
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What are the structures in the CNS?
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Cerebrum
Diencephalon Brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla) and Cerebellum Spinal Cord |
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What are the structures of the PNS?
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Autonomic Nervous System
Cranial Nerves and ganglia Spinal nerves and dorsal root ganglia Enteric Nervous System |
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What are the results of the growth and invagination of of the neural groove?
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1. Neural groove closes to form neural groove
2. Neural tube gives rise to all structures in the CNS |
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What does the neural crest arise from?
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Neural crest arises from neuroectoderm as neural tube closes
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What are the neurons cells of PNS?
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postganglionic sympathetic & parasympathetic neurons, sensory ganglion neurons, enteric neurons
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What are the glia cells of PNS?
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Schwann cells, satellite cells of ganglia
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What are the inner meninges?
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arachnoid and pia mater (dura comes from mesoderm)
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What does the spinal cord develop from?
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Spinal cord develops from the caudal end of the neural tube
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What forms from the rostral portions of the neural tube?
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3 primary vesicles:
1. Prosencephalon 2. Mesencephalon 3. Rhombencephalon |
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What does the ventricular system develop from?
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The Ventricular system develops from the neural tube lumen
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Where is the cervical flexure located at?
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Cervical flexure is at the junction of the rhombencephalon and spinal cord
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Where is the cephalic flexure located at?
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The CEPHALIC flexure is located at the junction of the mesencephalon and rhombencephalon
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True or False.
The Pontine flexure forms later in development subdividing the rhombencephalon |
True
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What are the 5 secondary vesicles that the Prosencephalon and Rhombencephalon subdivide into?
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There are 5:
1. telencephalon 2. diencephalon 3. mesencephalon 4. metencephalon 5. myelencephalon |
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As the metencephalon grows dorsally what does it form?
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Growth on dorsal aspect of the metencephalon results in formation of cerebellum
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What flexure causes a different orientation in the longitudinal axis of the forebrain relative to the brain stem and the spinal cord?
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Cephalic flexure
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What does the Prosencephalon divide into?
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1. Telencephalon: Cerebral hemisphere
2. Diencephalon: Thalamus & hypothalamus |
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What does the Mesencephalon divide into?
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The Mesencephalon does not dived it is the Midbrain
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What does the Rhombencephalon divide to form?
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1. Metencephalon: Pons
2. Myelencephalon: Medulla |
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What comprises the brainstem?
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Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla
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What are the primary embryonic divisions of the central nervous system?
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Forebrain (prosencephalon)
Midbrain (mesencephalon) Hindbrain (rhombencephalon) Caudal Neural Tube |
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What are the secondary divisions of the Central nervous system?
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1a. Telencephalon
1b. Diencephalon 2. Mesencephalon 3a. Metencephalon 3b. Myelencephalon Caudal Neural Tube |
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What are the CNS Divisions of the Central Nervous System?
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Cerebrum
Diencephalon Midbrain Pons Cerebellum Medulla Spinal Cord |
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What cavities belong with what division of the CNS?
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lateral ventricles: Cerebrum
Third ventricle: Diencephalon Cerebral aqueduct: Midbrain Fourth ventricle: Pons Fourth ventricle: Medulla Central Canal: Spinal cord |
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Ipsilateral
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on the same side
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Contralateral
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pertaining to, situated on, or affecting the opposite side
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Afferent
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afferents arrives
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Efferents
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efferents exit
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What are the three planes that the brain is imaged in?
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Horizontal, Coronal, Sagittal
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What are the processes of the neuron that RECEIVE signals?
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Dendrites
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What are the processes of the neuron that SEND signals?
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Axons
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What is the major excitatory neurotransmitter of the CNS?
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Glutamate
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What are the major inhibitory neurotransmitters of the CNS?
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GABA & glycine
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What are some modulatory neurotransmitters of the CNS?
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norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, peptides
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True or False.
Glia provides support to neurons and myelination of axons/nerves. |
True
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What are the Glia cells of the nervous system?
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1. Astrocytes
2. Oligodendrocytes 3. Schwann cells |
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What is the job of the Astrocytes?
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They have multiple support functions for the nervous system
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What is the job of the Oligodendrocytes?
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1. produce myelin in CNS
-a lipid membrane that wraps axons and makes the transmission over long distances possible (white matter) |
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What is the job of Schwann cells?
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1. produce myelin in the PNS
2. Ensheath peripheral nerves |
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What is the precentral gyrus made up of? Where is it located?
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The precentral gyrus is made up of the primary motor cortex
The precentral gyrus is located just anterior to the central sulcus |
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What is the Eponym for the primary motor cortex?
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Brodmann's area 4
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What is the postcentral gyrus and where is it located?
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The postcentral gyrus is just posterior to the central sulcus and it is composed of the primary somatosensory cortex
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What is the Eponym for the primary somatosensory cortex?
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Brodmann's area 3,2,1
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How many anatomical lobes does the brain have? What are they?
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4
Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe |
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What is the border between the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe?
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Central sulcus
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Where are the temporal lobes in relation to the lateral fissure?
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The temporal lobes are found inferior to the lateral fissures
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Where are the frontal and parietal lobes found in relation to the lateral fissure?
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The frontal and parietal lobes are found superior to the lateral fissure
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Where is the corpus callosum located? What is one of its major functions?
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on the medial surface of the brain, it is the major white matter structure connecting the right and left cerebral cortex
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Is the corpus callosum composed of axons or cell nuclei?
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The corpus callosum is composed of axons
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Where is the cingulate gyrus located? What lobe is it considered part of?
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The cingulate gyrus is located just above the corpus callosum and is part of the frontal lobe
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What are the two major components of the diencephalon?
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thalamus and hypothalamus
they are located just inferior to the corpus collosum |
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Where does the brainstem lie in relation to the thalamus?
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The brainstem lies just inferior to the thalamus
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What is the brainstem comprised of?
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From superior to inferior the brainstem is comprised of the midbrain, pons, and medulla
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Where is the cerebellum found in relation to the brainstem?
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The cerebellum is found posterior to the brainstem.
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What separates the two lateral ventricles of the brain?
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The septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles
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Where do the lateral ventricles drain into?
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The lateral ventricles drain into the third ventricle.
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Where does the third ventricle lie?
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the third ventricle lies between the thalami and hypothalami of each side of the brain
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What does the cerebral aqueduct drain?
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The cerebral aqueduct drains the third ventricle into the fourth ventricle
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Where is the fourth ventricle found?
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The 4th ventricle is found between the pons/medulla and the cerebellum
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What is the large artery found on the ventral surface of the pons?
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Basilar artery
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What fuses to form the basilar artery?
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The paired vertebral arteries enter the cranial vault and fuse to form the basilar artery
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Before fusing what does the vertebral arteries give rise to?
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Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (PICA): laterally
Anterior spinal artery (medially) |
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What does the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries supply?
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PICA supplies the lateral medulla and large portions of the cerebellum
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What does the anterior spinal artery supply?
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The anterior spinal artery supplies the medial medulla and anterior spinal cord (ventral)
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What does the basilar artery supply?
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the basilar artery supplies the pons and portions of the cerebellum
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Where do the anterior inferior cerebellar arteries arise from?
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The AICA arise from the inferior poriton of the basilar artery
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What does the superior portion of the basilar artery give rise to?
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Superior cerebellar arteries (SCA)
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True or False.
The basilar artery bifurcates to give rise to the posterior cerebral arteries (PCA) |
True
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What does the superior cerebellar arteries supply?
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SCA supplies superior regions of the cerebellum
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What do the proximal branches of the Posterior cerebral arteries supply?
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The proximal branches of the PCA supply the midbrain
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What vessels comprise the posterior circulation of the brain?
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Basilar artery
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery: PICA Anterior spinal artery Anterior inferior cerebellar artery: AICA Superior cerebellar arteries: SCA Posterior cerebral arteries: PCA |
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What comprises the anterior circulation of the brain?
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Anterior cerebral arteries and Middle cerebral artery
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What gives rise the the anterior cerebral arteries and the middle cerebral artery?
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the internal carotid arteries enter the cranium and bifurcate to form the ACA and the MCA.
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Where is the ACA located and identifiable at?
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in the longitudinal fissure
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Where is the MCA emerging from?
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The MCA emerges from the lateral fissure
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What do the MCA and ACA supply?
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They supply different portions of the primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) and the primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)
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True or False.
Both an infarct of the MCA and the ACA will cause paralysis and sensory loss |
True
Due to loss of blood supply to primary motor cortex and to primary somatosensory cortex but in different parts of the body |
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What are the arteries that supply the cerebellum named as?
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superior and inferior
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What are the arteries that supply the cerebrum named?
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anterior, middle, and posterior
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What are the anterior and posterior circulations of the brain joined by?
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the anterior and posterior circulations are typically joined by small communicating arteries to form the Circle of Willis
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