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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anterior nucleus of the thalamus
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From: Limbic cortex
To: Cingulate gyrus |
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Medial nucleus of the thalamus
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From: Limbic cortex
To: Prefrontal cortex |
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Ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus
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From: Basal ganglia
To: Primary motor association cortex |
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Ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus
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From: Basal ganglia and cerebellum
To: Primary motor association cortex |
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Ventral Posterior Lateral nucleus of the thalamus
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From: Somatosensory from the body
To: Primary somatosensory association complex |
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Ventral Posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus
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From: Somatosensory from the face
To: Primary somatosensory association complex |
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Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of the thalamus
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From: Optic tract
To: Primary visual cortex |
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Medial Geniculate Nucleus of the thalamus
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From: Incoming auditory from the cochlear never
To: Primary auditory cortex |
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Geniculate ganglia
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Sensory for CN VII
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Cochlear ganglia
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Hearing for CN VIII
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Vestibular ganglia
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Balance for CN VIII
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Petrosal ganglia
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CN IX
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Nodose ganglia
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CN X
Feedback for homeostasis and visceral reflexes (heart rate, etc.) |
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Telencephalon
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Becomes the cortex and basal ganglia
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Diencephalon
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Becomes the thalamus and hypothalamus and retina
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Mesencephalon
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Becomes the midbrain
Surround the aqueduct of Sylvius |
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Metancephalon
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Becomes the pons and cerebellum
Borders the 4th ventricle |
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Myelencephalon
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Becomes the medulla
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Peripheral nerve anatomy
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Epinuerium surrounds the nerve
Perineurium surrounds the fascicle Endoneurium surround the axon |
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C6 radiculopathy
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Wrist extensor weakness
Decreased ECR/brachioradialis reflex 1st/2nd finger + lateral forearm sensory abnormalities |
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C7 radiculopathy
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MOST COMMON
Triceps weakness Triceps tendon hyporeflexia 3rd finger sensation abnormalities |
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L5 radiculopathy
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Dorsiflexion weakness
Big toe, dorsal foot sensory abnormalities |
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S1 radiculopathy
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Plantar flexion weakness
Achilles hyporeflexia Small toe, sole sensory abnormalities |
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Radial nerve function
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Fxn: Arm, wrist, finger extension, in-plane thumb abduction, supination
Sensory: Posterior arm, forearm, posterior radial hand |
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Median nerve function
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Fxn: thumb opposition, 2nd/3rd finger flexion, wrist flexion, abduction and pronation
Sensory: anterior radial hand, thubm, 2nd/3rd finger, posterior of same fingers |
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Ulnar nerve fxn
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Fxn: finger adduction/abduction, thumb adduction, digits 4/5 flexion, wrist flexion and adduction
Sensory: Ulnar hand, digits 4/5 |
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Axillary nerve function
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Fxn: Abduction of arm past 15 degrees
Sensory: lateral upper arm |
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Musculocutaneous nerve function
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Fxn: flexion/supination of arm
Sensory: Lateral forearm |
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Lateral cord of anterior division of brachial plexus
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C5/C6 - Musculocutaneous
Elbow flexion |
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Medial cord of anterior division of brachial plexus
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C8/T1 - Ulnar nerve
Wrist adduction/flexion Finger ab/adduction |
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Both cords of anterior division of brachial plexus
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C7 - Median nerve
Flexion of thumb, flexion of fingers, abduction of wrist |
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Posterior division of brachial plexus
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Radial nerve - extension from elbow to fingers
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Femoral nerve function
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L3/L4
Fxn: Flexion at hip, leg extension Sensory: medial thigh, knee, medial leg |
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Obturator nerve function
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Function - Adduction of thigh
Sensory: inner thigh |
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Sciatic nerve
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Leg flexion at knee
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Tibial nerve
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S1
Fxn: Plantar flexion, inversion, toe flexion Sensory: Sole |
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Superficial Peroneal Nerve
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L5
Fxn: Foot eversion Sensory: Dorsal foot, lateral leg |
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Deep peroneal nerve
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L5
Fxn: Dorsiflexion, toe extension Sensory: between big/middle toes |
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Deep tendon reflexes
(5) |
C5/6 - Biceps
C6 - Brachioradialis C7 - Triceps L4 - Patellar S1 - Achilles |
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UMN vs LMN injury
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UMN - weakness, spastic paralysis, increased tone, hyperreflexia
LMN - weakness, flaccid paralysis, atrophy, fasiculations, decreased muscle tone, hyporeflexia |
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Ciliary ganglion
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Pupillary constriction
Rides on CN III from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus |
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Pterygopalatine ganglion
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Lacrimal gland tearing and mucous glands
Rides on CN VII |
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Otic ganglion
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Salivatory nucleus to the parotid salivary gland
Rides on CN IX |
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Submandibular ganglion
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Salivatory nucleus to hte submandibular and sublingual glands
Rides on CN VII |
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Vibration, fine touch, and proprioception for the body
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Medial lemniscal pathway from the posterior column of the spinal cord
Decussates in the medulla Information goes to the VPL of the thalamus then to the postcentral gyrus |
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Pain and temperature for the body
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Anterolateral pathway from the Lateral column of the spinal cord
Decussates immediately in the spinal cord 2dary neuron goes to the VPL of the thalamus then to the primary sensory cortex |
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Motor to the body
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Lateral corticalspinal tract
From the precenral gyrus and descends in the cerebral peduncles to decussate in the medullary pyramids **15% remain uncrossed and descend in the medial anterior spinal cord |
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Motor pathway to the face
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Corticobulbrar tract carrying fibers for CN V motor and CN VII motor, CN III, CN IX, CN X, CN XII
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Spinal cord blood supply
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2 dorsal spinal arteries supplying areas for vibration/fine touch
1 ventral spinal artery supplying areas for pain and motor |
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Limbic system components
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Parahyppocampal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, basal ganglia, hypothalamus
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Striatum
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Putamen + caudate nuclei
Pierced by the internal capsule |
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Lentiform nucleus
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Globus pallidus + putamen
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