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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Most interactions in a neural circuit happen where?
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Synapse
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The inside of the cell is _ charged.
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Negatively
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The inside of the cell is the charge it is because _ ions leave
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K+
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These 3 ions are critical in an action potential.
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Na+, K+, Cl-
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T/F
Some potassium ions leak out of the cell. |
True
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Roughly what number range of neurons are needed to fire one motor neuron in the spinal cord?
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1000's
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Ligand-gated ion channels are another name for these kind of receptors
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Ionotropic receptors
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These three neurotransmitters mainly interact with ionotropic receptors.
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Acetylcholine
Glutamate GABA |
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GABA inhibits, and signals _ ion receptors to make the cell more negative
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Cl-
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T/F
If the threshold of the action potential is not reached, the neuron can fire |
False
the neuron will not fire |
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The action potential is an all or none type of concept, it doesn't matter how many neurons are activated, the threshold is (higher, lower, same)?
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the same
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Protein-coupled receptor is another name for what kind of receptor?
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Metabotropic receptor
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Closing potassium receptors make the cell more _ charged
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Positively
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T/F
Metabotropic receptors can increase the charge to make a neuron more likely to fire |
True
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Describe the two types of sodium channels (same as potassium channels).
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Those that respond to neurotransmitters
Those sensitive to charge |
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When the action potential reaches the highest point of the spike, two things happen (one because of the other)
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Na+ can no longer increase the voltage, then K+ enters the cell
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The _____-_______ pump actively maintains ions
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sodium-potassium
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Huntington's Disease causes a loss of cells in the ______ of the basal ganglia and the ______
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caudate
cortex |
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The first of 67 exons in the Huntingtin protein has what amino acid (CAG)
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Glutamine
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The average # of glutamine repeats in Huntingtin is __, and the avg in HD patients is __-__.
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20
36-37 |
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The more CAG repeats in Huntingtin, __________________________.
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the sooner the effects appear.
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Huntington's Disease is a dominant/recessive mutation
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Dominant
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Huntington's Disease is a _________________ disease
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neurodegenerative
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T/F
Huntington's Disease causes motor abnormalities |
True
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T/F
Huntington's Disease patients are less likely to see a doctor because of cognitive deficits and emotional disturbance. |
True
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Huntingtin is involved with 3 functions:
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Synaptic vesicle fusion for transmitter release
Axon transport Palmitoylation (via HIP14) |
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Palmitoylation is:
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a way for proteins to be inserted into the membrane
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HD mouse models
Which lines are truncated? R6 YAC, BAC 140CAG |
R6
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HD mouse models
Which lines are full-length? R6 YAC, BAC 140CAG |
YAC and BAC
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HD mouse models
Which lines are knock-in? R6 YAC, BAC 140CAG |
140CAG
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Vesicles store these
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Neurotransmitters
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Membrane transporters move neurotransmitters through these
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Membranes
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During an action potential, this ion enters, and it also helps release neurotransmitters
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Ca2+
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These receptors read the amount of neurotransmitter in the synapse and then give the axon information to release more/less
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Presynaptic receptors (aka autoreceptors)
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GABA affects what ion's receptors?
What direction in charge does the cell go? |
Cl-
more negative |
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Nicotine does what to muscle?
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stimulates
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Thomas Elliot found that adrenaline does what to organs?
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speeds up
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Claude Bernard studied muscles and tested this paralytic poison
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Curare
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Dale and Loewi worked together on Ergot, a grain fungus which had this neurotransmitter in it
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Acetylcholine
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What cranial nerve slows down the heart and other organs, and what neurotransmitter does it use?
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Vagus
Acetylcholine |
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The PNS uses _____________ at the neuromuscular junction
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Acetylcholine
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Sympathetic nervous system uses _____________ at the short pre-ganglionic junction, and ______________ at the long post-ganglionic junction
(Thoraco-lumbar) |
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine |
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Parasympathetic nervous system uses _____________ for both the long and short post and pre-ganglionic junctions (cranio-sacral)
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Acetylcholine
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Epinephrine is also known as:
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Adrenaline
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